Descartes vs Spinoza Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Descartes vs Spinoza Comparison - Essay Example Descartes states that the human being is made up of a body and a soul that are two distinct parts and relate to God and the world in different ways (2). On the other hand, Spinoza teaches that there is only one God. Spinoza identified that God could be defined by his existence or conceivability (1). This means that God exists but He has no form and human beings can only conceive Him in the natural environment. Thus human mind can only work to explain the existence of God who was inseparable from nature. Descartes' treatise suggests that the soul is separate from the body since they are supposed to perish separately (8). Descartes buttresses his point that the body is ruled by the mind. He stated that the mind is independent and separate from the body (18). It implies that the human mind is susceptible to illusions which could be true or false (Descartes 19). Descartes therefore states that there are uncertainties and limitations of the human thought (19). He asks a rhethorical questi on about whether the existence of God is a figment of our minds or not (19). This suggests that there is a possibility that there is no God (Descartes 24). He puts forward the possibility of an antithesis that human beings have the power to change everything around them (Descartes 24). Spinoza differs from Descartes and argues that things in nature had a finite existence but the infinite existence of God was the absolute affirmation (5). This therefore means that everything that exists in nature is just an extension of God whilst God Himself is an absolute and All-Powerful Creator. Spinoza identified two main forms of ignorance. He stated that the first form is the belief in idols like the worship of trees and other humans (5). He also saw the independence of divine knowledge from human knowledge that Descartes proposed as a form of ignorance (5). Descartes supports his assertion that the mind is capable of making independent decisions and people cannot imagine the corporeal. Thus t he physical things around us exists independently of the human mind. He states that matter changes from solid to liquid and to gas using the example of wax which is put into fire. This illustration hints that human beings can use empirical studies to improve their lives (Descartes 31). This thinking supported science and the independent study of things in the natural environment. These were areas of knowledge that hitherto were often banned by the Catholic Church. Based on this teaching, everything in nature was to be studied differently based on how the mind perceives it. Each and every item is to be singled out and evaluated from a very individualistic point of view. This kind of independent examination of substances gave room for scientific methods and enquiries in science like chemistry and pharmacy. On the opposite side of the scale, Spinoza argued that nature and God are essentially the same. He stated that substances can be conceived externally but God could not be conceived by human beings. As such, human scholars could only act in an effort to understanding the way God operations. The definitions of the things are meant to provide a better understanding of how God operates. From Spinoza's point of view, science was a process that was meant to study what exists in nature as a method of understanding the Creator. In other words, nothing in the

Harrison Bergeron Essay Example for Free

Harrison Bergeron Essay Kurt Vonnegut’s fictional society adopted the theories of Social Contract and Social Justice to establish a new social and legal order. The people amended the constitution to attain equality for all. With the amendments, they created laws to make a uniform citizenry out of their people and in the process stripped them of their individuality. These laws were also intended to make them think and act alike which was their idea of equality. As to who is benefited from such extreme version of social control depends on whose viewpoint it was coming from. Despite their unrestricted freedoms no one was ultimately benefited in this kind of system. It was no guarantee of peace and absolute control, as in the case of Harrison. His physical and mental states were no match for the handicaps. Once both powers were unleashed and unrestrained what resulted was a blending and coordination that produced a beautiful symphony of dance and music. It was symbolical of the good things that can happen or that can be achieved if we let our natural gifts, talents and skills work for the common good. There can be unity in diversity and peaceful co-existence may be possible. In a controlled society as this fictional one, there were no norms, values, and culture that may identify them. For norms, values and culture were what will set them apart. This was a robotic society where the norms were that which are forced upon them because of the handicaps some were made to wear. Acceptable norms were absent because the standard (equality) was built into the system. In effect one had a common standard to follow in which to comport oneself, no less and no better that the others. There was only one value that stood, no one was above the other in appearance and in the treatment he gave and he got. Culture should define who and what this society was, but what would make it truly unique? There was nothing neither appealing nor interesting in it because everything went against the natural ways of man. People followed rules not out of their volition. How were they to know the good was turning bad, and worse was turning worst, if something in their brains signaled a censure. This restraint was basically against their good and benefit, but they had no choice but to obey what was programmed in their system. Once, this was a society that had reached the extreme end of the balance with their all-out freedoms and unchecked rights of individuals. The situation had reached unmanageable proportion that they had to resort to dramatic crisis control which brought them to the other extreme end by way of the encroachment on their rights and freedoms. This society took not only the people’s freedoms but their right senses as well. In what they figure to be the correct moves to effect change, their agitation towards a freak of nature was alarming, like when â€Å"some things about living weren’t quite right †¦ April not being Springtime† (Vonnegut, 1961). Law and society have interchangeable attributes. Law may change a society and society may change the law. In the case of Harrison Bergeron, society had made 3 amendments to their constitution out of desire for and necessity to change. They wanted to regulate and curb freedoms to a comfortable magnitude. The change in the law made this society a strictly tempered one. Lawyers and the legal system do not have a place in this society anymore. The Handicapper General proceeded to punish without trial law breakers. The only crime that can be committed was taking one’s handicaps off and that did not need investigation and defense. The crime and the criminal are self-evident. The fictional society does not have any direct similarities in today’s time. However, the inference to the curtailment of freedoms is plenty. When a society does not allow an artist to express his heart in his art, the Harrison Bergerons to criticize the government which should be for, by and of the people, and ease the fear of ordinary citizens, they are the translations of Vonnegut’s transgressions of freedoms in his fictional society. Instead of seeking for equality in the extreme, working with diversity might be the better option.

Early childhood classroom or early learning centre education essay

Early childhood classroom or early learning centre education essay The qualities of an effective communicator in the early learning centre are establishing and maintaining meaningful and respectful relationships with Educators, families and children. As an Educator, communicating effectively demonstrates interest, trust, commitment and professionalism. Educators communicate through a variety of different ways. Communicating effectively can be through forms of writing, speech, verbal, non-verbal and body language. Communication is the key to success and importantly what brings the world together. An effective communicator is an effective listener. The quality of an effective communicator in the early learning centre provides families and parents important and relevant information and the willingness to discuss positive aspects of the child. Communicating effectively demonstrates a high level of quality and reassurance for both parents and the educator. Important information that is discussed and carried out within the early learning centre is the childs progression (daily information). This information that is relevantly discussed is the childs routine, meal times, sleep times, the childs developmental areas which are social skills, communication skills, fine and gross motor skills, emotional and cognitive skills and the childs well-being. Informative discussions that are held between educators and families are based on the childs interests and motives. This information is beneficial for the parents and demonstrates how an educator shows initiative and companionship towards children and their education that the educator brings into the childs environment. Families also are benefiting and gaining this information which allows them an understanding and good results of how their child is progressing in the centre. This includes what the child may need to focus on and the positive side of the child. As children are all individuals, educators are to include children with special needs to experience literature, language skills and all areas of development skills. Children with special needs have special aids that teach children communication skills and different ways of communication which involves mostly how to understand communication which is non-verbal. Within the daily program that is carried out in an early learning centre, educators are to also include diversity. Including language through diversity promotes children the ability to learn different languages, culture and most importantly how to speak different languages. As an Educator, communicating effectively to children develops their social, emotion al, physical and intellectual skills. While communicating to children it broadens their understanding on reading and literacy. These main two qualities of development help children to improve on their pronunciation skills and their language skills. As children are developing such an important skill in their life, they are developing self-confidence within themselves. As an educator, demonstrating effective communication skills enhances childrens awareness of how to talk, read and write. Children learn by hearing words, therefore when educators are communicating to children within the learning centre, children are capable of matching the words together and making meaning of what is being heard. As quoted, Reading aloud with children is known to be the single most important activity for building the knowledge and skills they will eventually require for learning to read. Marilyn Jager Adams. In a learning child care centre environment, communicating effectively allows children to respond in many different ways. Qualities of a child communicating are using verbal, non-verbal communication, visually communicating to sounds or objects and importantly having a trusting relationship with an educator that confines security, comfort and an understanding. Early educators communicate effectively with children by involving language into play and encouraging children to develop this skill. While allowing children to communicate through play, children develop increasing elaborative sentences based on their thoughts, ideas and creativeness. Educators encourage children to communicate through play by expanding on their sentences and encouraging them to further speak and build on their self-confidence. Educators are then able to develop the knowledge and observe the child based on the childs interests, motives, and what the childs strengths are. Through this, children grow emotionally and socially as individuals. Children explore in their leaning centre environment, they develop through pretend play, art and craft activities, shared play experiences and most importantly group time. Group time activities provide a wide range of areas where children are continually developing on their language skills. Activities that are carried out in a learning centre can range from Flash cards, reading books, singing songs, and show and tell. While children are reading books, it builds on their future academic skills and vocabulary skills. Reading develops childrens listening skills that are a most important factor of a childs life. Effective communicators teach children to develop on their language skills through singing and music. Whilst children sing songs, they develop on their memory skills and anticipate the lyrics or the next words to the song. Singing songs also demonstrates children to communicate verbally and non-verbally. Children develop with music by using hand gest ures and actions. Within the early learning centre, as an educator it is important to communicate effectively towards members of the workplace. This carries out a high quality of professionalism and positive leadership. While communicating effectively, it is the audience which include families, parents, co-workers and management to develop. Developing as a team defines a happy and safe environment for all partys within the early learning centre. Communicating effectively in the workplace develops positive feedback when communicating with families and between staff members. This forms trusting relationships also between children, their families and the relationships that are developed with workers. With an early learning centre, this provides a high quality standard for the organisation. As educators or any organisation, it is important and an exception to follow correct policy and procedure standards of communicating in a professional way. This promotes a safe environment for children, families and co -workers. As professionals, in an early learning centre workplace, educators need to be mindful of how to communicate to avoid conflict. Conflict can be avoided and mostly resolved by the way communication is involved. Techniques and ways to reduce conflict is directly confronting the person in an effective way with any issues or matters that are affecting the person.Communicating in a reasonable and conducting matter can resolve conflict and on a positive note, can reflect a friendly and professional environment for all workers. There are many forms of communication techniques that are carried out in the workplace apart from direct verbal and non verbal communication. As educators, it is important to have good effective communication skills via telephone. Educators are to always conduct themselves in a professional way that brings families together and enables good conversations with the families or any person associated within the organisation. Communication skills via telephone a re important within an early learning centre. Educators on a daily basis are communicating with families, departments of education, other centres and managers of the organisation. Techniques that are undertaken in a professional way when communicating over the telephone is listening to the person, note-taking any important and relevant information, greeting the personnel in a pleasant and warm matter, communicating clearly between each other, introducing yourself and the position you hold, and most importantly detailing any contact numbers, the name of the person, and the main subject regarding the telephone conversation. As an educator, it is then important to action the conversation by communicating this to a director or a second in charge worker. This is handing over the information correctly, clearly and in a way that is understandable for the other person. Direct communication is beneficial as it passes the information to the other person clearly and in a quick manner. This dis plays effective communication skills and good initiative. Communication is conducted on a daily basis and is the key that holds a divine workplace. Communication that is carried out in the workplace can be with people from different cultures. As Australia is an indigenous supporting country, employees of the workplace are to conduct a respectful, culturally environment. It is important as members of the workplace to respect families, childrens and workers from different backgrounds. Communicating with families, children and workers from diverse backgrounds, needs to be promoted in a professional and mindful matter. As people within the community are multicultural, this is a great way to support childrens education through different cultures and language. Educators have the ability and determination to teach children aspects of diversity, language barriers, cultural music and cultural background. It is a good way to bring various multicultural backgrounds into the early learning cent re. In conclusion, the ability and quality of an educator to demonstrate effective communication skills can manage problems, challenges, questions, and most importantly language. Educators in the early child care centre having the ability and power to express their thoughts, to be articulate and demonstrate creative ideas. These qualities encourage children to communicate effectively. As an educator, qualities of an effective communicator facilitate excellent care for the children, their education and their families. Educators communicate in ways that advance childrens education and build relationships with families and co-workers. Through positive teaching skills, children do develop effective communication skills and the power to learn how to communicate in their learning environment. Reference: Marilyn Jager Adams. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction (2000) http://www.readingrockets.org/books/fun/quotable.

Essays --

Television Producer Television producers have one of the most prominent and active roles within the industry; they play a part in each aspect of pre-production, production and post-production. A producer tends to be at the core of any contemporary television show, yet there are several different kinds of producer that are at the threshold. Within television, producers are highly involved in a wide variety of programming, such as dramas, reality shows, game shows, documentaries, sitcoms etc. Like with most media based roles, the ideal outcome for any producer, is a successful broadcast. Producers are the initiators of all projects. Their role deals with issues of creativity, finance and practicality; they must supervise an entire production and creative team. Yet, certain positions are headed by specific types of producer. For example, an 'Executive Producer' will likely be in charge of the finances, along with input on the script and ensuring all cast and crew are content. Yet, an executive producer can be claimed to have very little involvement in the technical side of the video making process, but is still responsible for the project. Typically, an executive producer handles business and legal issues. A regular 'Producer' will run every aspect of the production on a daily basis, because of this, they often duplicate roles and become directors and writers as well. Following this, an 'Associate Producer' will assist the 'Producer', whether that be a research position, coordinating staff, or taking on the 'Producer' role if he/she is otherwise incapable themselves. Many other roles on a television series, include a Line/Field Producer, which takes charge of 'on location' production and a Series Producer, who is responsible for ... ...background in media education is beneficial. However, previous experience within the industry is a requirement, whether it be as a runner, researcher, assistant producer etc; this experience can lead to employment in a more senior position. A strong producer will be creative, a strong financial head, leadership abilities, confidence, good communication skills and strong time and resource management. As long as television exists, so will a producer. Successful producers gain the audience's appreciation with originality, whilst appealing to the masses. They capture the audience's attention through a range of marketing campaigns and creatively successful shows themselves. However, Producer roles are dominated by men. In 2011, women comprised only 18% of all roles within the media industry. Albeit, networking, organisation and creativity are key to becoming a producer.

Disease Specific Program

In this paper, we would be discussing the application of self-management concepts involved in improving the health and quality of life for people with chronic Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is a complex disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism in which a relative or absolute insulin deficiency is the essential feature, Drury (1986). Diabetes is recognized as a model of broader based communicable disease control programs, WHO (1991 – 1998).The metabolic derangement is frequently associated with permanent and irreversible functional and structural changes in the cells of the body, those of the vascular system being particularly susceptible. The changes lead in turn to the development of well-defined clinical entities, the so-called ‘complications’ of Diabetes which most characteristically affect the eye, the kidney and the nervous system. Introduction It is not too distant past one of the critical tests of the skill of a nurse was the ability to m eet the needs of a patient with an acute infectious disease such as Typhoid fever or pneumonia.When the patient recovered, the nurse could rightly take credit for having made an important contribution. As infectious diseases have been brought under control, the incidence of chronic illness has risen so that they now account for a significant portion of morbidity and morality. Chronically ill patients often have a wider range of problems and need a greater variety of services than are needed to meet the needs of the acutely ill.Res ¬toration of the patient to optimum status and preven ¬tion of progress of the illness often demands the con ¬tinued efforts of the patient, family, nurse, physician, and other health and welfare personnel as well as the members of the community. With patients in whom progress toward recovery is slow and in whom control or prevention of the progression of disease is the goal rather than complete recovery, the nurse may not be able to see immediate re sults of her or his efforts. Instead of a relatively brief and intense relationship in which the patient is dependent on the nurse, the nurse often has a more or less pro ¬longed relationship.This relationship with the pa ¬tient changes from time to time, from dependence to independence to interdependence. To meet the needs of the patient, the nurse should be able to identify clues indicating the type of relationship best suited to the needs of the patient at a given time and to adapt her or his behavior accordingly. A Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) is described as an administrator, leader, manager, collaborator, practitioner, advanced clinician, consultant, educator and researcher (Wilson-Barnett, 1994; Dunne, 1997; McCarthy, 1996).Literature Review Today the test of the skill of the nurse is the ability to meet the needs of the chronically ill patient. If a single disease was to be selected as the modern day test of nursing knowledge and skill, diabetes mel ¬litus would und oubtedly receive many votes. There are many reasons that this is true. Diabetes mellitus has a relatively high incidence. It affects all age groups. Its complications are many and serious. There are, however, effective means for its detec ¬tion, diagnosis, and treatment.With modern methods of therapy, persons with diabetes mellitus can live almost as long as those who do not have diabetes. Even more important, they can have full and useful lives with few restrictions on their activi ¬ties. Persons with diabetes mellitus have been Rhodes scholars, mountain climbers, hockey players, television stars and statesmen. They marry, bear and rear children, and can lead successful, vigorous, productive, lives-a far cry from the predictable fate of the diabetic before the era of insulin therapy. The nurse is always concerned about the epide ¬miology of disease.Understanding the distribution and dynamics (epidemiology) of a disease serves as a basis for meeting objectives of disease detec tion and for education of patient, family, and community. Because diabetes and other chronic diseases are not reportable, they are not subjected to the type of surveillance used for communicable diseases. As sur ¬veys and techniques of detection and diagnosis im ¬prove, reporting will increase and it may be possible to identify and to improve preventive measures.According to the 1975 National Health Interview Survey, a rate of 20.4 per 1,000 population or an estimated 4. 8 million persons in the United States reported diagnosed dia ¬betes. Between 1965 and 1975, the prevalence of diabetes increased by 50 per cent in the United States (Guthrie & Guthrie, 2002; Flarey & Blancett, 1996). There is some question if there is a true in ¬crease in the frequency. The data may represent an increase in recognition due to increased use of automated blood chemistry laboratory techniques.Diabetes mellitus occurs in all age groups and in both sexes. The prevalence rate increases with age, from 1.3/1,000 (1 in 77) for persons under 17 years of age to 78. 5/1,000 (1 in 12) in persons over the age of 65. Diabetes is reported more frequently in females (2. 4 per cent) than in males (1. 6 per cent). Females have a prevalence rate of 24. 1/ 1,000. This is a 50 per cent increase from 1965 data when it was 16. 1 /l, 000. The prevalence rate for males is 16. 3/1,000. The most dramatic changes in preva ¬lence of reported diabetes is the increase of diabetes in nonwhites under the age of 45. This group has a percentage change of 150 per cent.Non ¬whites are 20 per cent more likely than whites to have diabetes (Dunning, 2003). Incidence is the frequency of new cases of a disease developed during a specified time period. In 1963, 17 years after the first Oxford study, 65. 7 per cent of the residents aged 34 to 55 years who lived in Oxford during the first study were re ¬studied. The percentage of diabetics was found to be the same in the second as in the first study (O†™Sulli ¬van, 1969). In the 1930s and 1940s there was marked improve ¬ment in the life expectancy of diabetics. Since that time, there has been little improvement.This may be due to the fact that Diabetes patients are living long enough to develop the more dangerous concomitants (Kessler, 1971). Reasons for failure to prevent the concomitants of Diabetes are one of the problems being studied intensively today. The Management of Diabetes Mellitus The ideal treatment for diabetes would allow the patient lead a completely normal life to remain not only symptom-free but in positive good health, to achieve a normal metabolic state, and to escape the complications associated with long-term diabetes.Nowadays diabetic patients rarely die in ketoacidosis in any number, but the major problem which has emerged is the chronic invalidism, due to disease of both large and small blood vessels, of many of those whose duration of life has been extended. It is well known that diabetics show an i ncreased propensity to fall due to visual impairment and neuropathy, as well as foot problems (Wallace et al, 2002; Keegan et al, 2002) and presumably accelerated cognitive decline (Gregg et al, 2000).Data from clinical studies strongly suggest that although genetic factors affect the susceptibility to develop complications, the incidence of serious retinopathy is related to the degree of diabetic control achieved (Clark & Cefalu, 2000). It is therefore incumbent on all those who are involved in looking after diabetic patients to strive in every way to achieve as good control as is practicable in terms of blood glucose concentration. The management of diabetes demands a broad range of professional skills, which include communication, counseling, leadership, teaching and research to name but a few.The Diabetes Nurse Specialist has the expertise and specialist knowledge to incorporate these skills into practice and so develop standards of care that benefits the patient (Daly, 1997). T he Diabetes Nurse Specialist (DNS) plays a pivotal role within a multidisciplinary team. The recognition of the contribution of the Diabetes Nurse Specialist in helping patients achieve good diabetes control highlights his/her essential role in diabetes care, (DCCT,1995; UKPDS, 1998). Metcalfe (1998) states that a Diabetes Nurse Specialist works in collaboration with a team to ensure continuity of care, lends towards more successful management.Types of Treatment There are three methods of treatment, namely diet alone, diet and oral hypoglycemic drugs and diet and insulin. Each obliges the patient to adhere to a life long dietary regimen. Approximately 60% of new cases of diabetes can be controlled adequately by diet alone, about 20% will need an oral hypoglycemic drug and another 20%, mainly younger patients, will require insulin (Long, et al, 1995). A patient may pass from one group to another – temporarily or permanently. Role of the Nurse in Prevention and DiagnosisNurses have numerous opportunities to assist the identification of persons who either have diabetes or are potential diabetics. The CNS is prepared beyond the level of a generalist (The Report of The Commission on Nursing, 1998). Review of the etiologic factors gives the nurse clues as to the target populations. In addition she or he, regardless of the field of practice, must always be alert to the signs and symptoms of diabetes. Any individual with symptoms suggesting diabetes mellitus should be encouraged to seek medical attention. The Suspicion of the school nurse should be aroused when a child develops polyuria and polydipsia.The public health nurse who visits in the home should be alert to the possibility of diabetes in family members. Some patients are discovered to have diabetes after they are admitted to the hospital. Most hospitals have a rule that before a patient can undergo any type of surgical procedure, the urine must be checked for glucose. The nurse can also assist in commu nity screening programs. In addition to opportunities for the nurse to participate in programs for the identification of persons who have diabetes mellitus, nurses have a role in the prevention of the disease.Because of the frequency with which diabetes in the middle-aged person is associated with obesity, individuals are encouraged to avoid overweight by diet and exercise. The preventive aspects related to genetic counseling are less clear. Persons with diabetes or persons with families in which there is a known history of diabetes should be acquainted with the risks involved when planning marriage. Psychological Aspects Fink (1967) has proposed a model of the processes of adaptation to stressful situations. He proposes that psychological phases follow a sequential pattern as follows:Stage 1: Shock; in this phase the person's cognitive structure is characterized by disorganiza ¬tion. There is inability to plan or to reason. Stage 2: Defensive retreat characterized by denial. Stag e 3: Acknowledgment, giving up the past, and starting to face reality. Stage 4: Adaptation, acceptance. of the modification in health. Planning to care for self and to prevent complications. When a person learns that he or she has diabetes mellitus, even when its presence was suspected, he or she experiences disbelief and then grief. The degree of shock will depend on the individual and what the diagnosis and treatment mean to him or her.Any preexisting problem can be expected to be intensified. The pa ¬tient and family can be expected to react to knowl ¬edge of the diagnosis as they do to other crisis situa ¬tions in life. The patient compares dia ¬betes with health and prefers health. The nurse can usually be of more help to the patient if she or he can help in identifying and expressing feelings rather than telling the patient how lucky he or she is. During the period immediately following diagnosis, the patient and family require psychological support. This should start with the patient’s admission to the office of the physician, to the clinic, or to the hospital.The type and amount of support will vary with each individual. Both the patient and family have a right to expect professional personnel to try to understand their feelings and to accept their behavior as having meaning (Otong, 2003). The nurse should try to convey to the patient that, while understanding or trying to understand his or her feelings, the patient will be able to learn to do what must be done and will be provided with the necessary assistance. Control of Diabetes Mellitus Successful management of diabetes mellitus depends on the intelligent co-operation of the patient and the family.Unlike recovery from an acute infectious disease, recovery from Diabetes does not follow a period of acute illness. Diabetes Mellitus is permanent. Remissions can and do occur, but even these patients should not think of themselves as cured. The fundamental methods used in the treatment are diet, insulin or hypoglycemic agents, exercise, and education. The continued management and con ¬trol of diabetes mellitus depend on the patient. Edu ¬cation as to the nature and behavior of the disease is required so that the patient understands the rea ¬sons for what he or she must do and develops the skills required for it.Diet The keystone for management of the diabetic is dietary control. In most respects the goals of the diet for the diabetic patient are similar to those for the non-diabetic. They are to provide sufficient calories to establish and maintain body weight. The number will vary with the age, sex, body size, activity, and growth and development requirements along with an adequate intake of all nutrients, including minerals and vitamins. Modifications in amounts and types of foods as required in the control of complications of diabetes and other diseases.Meal spacing so that absorption coincides with peak levels of insulin in the blood and protects from hypog lycemia during the night. For patients on intermediate-acting insulin, food is usually dis ¬tributed in five meals-three main meals with a small meal about 4 P. M. and another at bedtime. For the patient who is taking insulin, it is essential that a regular meal schedule be observed. Integration of exercise and diet with medications is essential. Most diabetic diets contain 50 to 60 per cent carbohydrates with 10 to 15 per cent in the form of Disaccharides and monosaccharide.Fats should comprise no more than 35 per cent of the total calories. The remaining calories are protein (Arky, 1978). Patients are encouraged to select unsatu ¬rated fats as recommended by the American Heart Association. Concentrated sweets and refined sugars should be avoided. Insulin Treatment with exogenous insulin is indicated in the following situations: diabetic ketoacidosis, juvenile diabetes, diabetes developing before the age of 40, unstable diabetes, oral hypoglycemic failure, diet therapy failures , and during stress of pregnancy, infections, major surgery.For the ketosis-prone individual and the unstable adult an exogenous insulin supply is always required. For the others it may be an intermittent requirement (Bonar, 1977) that is required during periods of stress. In the non-diabetic, insulin is released in response to food intake. The beta cells have the ability to release approximately 40 units daily, and there are another 200 units stored for emergency (Ellenburg et al, 2002). The diabetic does not have an endogenous supply, and an exogenous form is provided. Various types of insulin preparations have been developed.They fall into three general categories: fast-acting (regular and semilente), intermediate (NPH and lente), and long-acting (PZI and ultra lente). The actions of each preparation vary as to time of onset, duration of action, and peak activity time. Hypogly ¬cemic reactions are most likely to occur at time of peak action. Regular insulin is the only form giv en intravenously, and it has a clear appearance. The other insu ¬lin preparations have a turbid appearance. Each type of insulin comes in three concentrations; U-40, U-80, and U-I00. This refers to the concentration of insulin per milliliter.U-40 has 40 units per ml, U-80 has 80 units per ml, and U-100 has 100 units per ml. Syringes are specially calibrated for each concentration. Eventually, the only concentration available will be the U-100 strength (Joshu, 1996). This will decrease confusion and cut down on errors. The objective of insulin therapy is to enable the individual to utilize sufficient food to meet nutri ¬tional needs and, within limits, the desire for food. For many patients this objective can be achieved by a single injection of protamine zinc insulin or one of the intermediate-acting insulin, either alone or in combination with crystalline insulin.The ideal preparation of insulin would be one in which the insulin is released in response to hyperglycemia. At this time there is no such preparation. Persons who require less than 40 units of insulin per day often do very well on a single injection of Protamine Zinc Insulin. Insulin-Equipment and Administration The patient must know the type of insulin, concen ¬tration (U-80, U-100), and the prescribed dosage. It is essential that the appropriate syringe be used for the insulin concentration prescribed.Diabetic pa ¬tients on insulin may use either disposable or reusa ¬ble syringes. The former are used one time only and then discarded. Patients find them highly desirable because they do not require sterilization. Although minimal, cost may be considered a disadvantage. If reusable syringes and needles are used they should be sterilized by boiling before each injection. Boiling is simplified by placing the separated barrel and plunger of the syringe and the needle in a metal strainer. The strainer is placed in a saucepan of cold water and boiled for 5 minutes.When the syringe is removed fro m the water, care should be taken not to contaminate any part of the needle or syringe that comes in contact with the insulin or is intro ¬duced into the patient. When the syringe and needle are kept in alcohol, the alcohol container should be emptied, washed, and boiled at the time the syringe is sterilized. Before the syringe is filled with insulin, alcohol should be removed from the barrel by mov ¬ing the plunger in and out of the barrel a number of times. The skin over the site of injection should be clean, and just before the injection is made, it should be cleansed with alcohol.The hour at which the patient takes the insulin will depend on the type of insulin, the severity of the diabetes, when blood sugar is highest, and the practices of the physician. The most common time is 20 to 30 minutes before breakfast for patients re ¬ceiving one injection a day. Modified insulin con ¬taining a precipitate should be gently rotated until the sediment is thoroughly mixed with th e clear solu ¬tion. Vigorous shaking should be avoided to prevent bubble formation. Insulin, though usually called a protein, is a poly ¬peptide and is digested in the alimentary canal. It must therefore be administered parenterally.The usual method is by subcutaneous injection into loose subcutaneous tissues. Because daily, or more fre ¬quent, injections are required over the lifetime of the individual, care should be taken to rotate the sites, so that one area is not used more often than once each month. Conclusion The nurse has major responsibilities in the care of the diabetic patient. She or he must provide instruction, guidance and understanding for the control and management of the condition. The nurse must be prepared to provide nursing care for the patient if acute or chronic complications should occur.Last but not least, the nurse must recognize that the diabetic is not exempt from other diseases. She or he must be prepared to evaluate the impact of a concurrent illn ess on the diabetes and the impact of the diabetes on the concurrent illness. The sick diabetic has all the problems of any person who is ill and they are compounded by the diabetic state. The special needs of the diabetic must be recognized and met. The nurse who assists in the care of the diabetic patient has the satisfaction of knowing that the quality of life of the diabetic can be improved by intelligent nursing care. References Arky, R.A. 1978. â€Å"Current Principles of Dietary therapy of Diabetes Mellitus,† Med. Clin. North Am., 62, 655-62. Bonar, J. 1977. Diabetes: A Clinical Guide, Flushing, N.Y.: Medical Exam Publishing Co, pp.20-22. Clark, Nathanial Goodwin & Cefalu, William T. 2000. â€Å"Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus,† CRC Press. Daly F. 1997. â€Å"The Role of the Diabetes Nurse specialist,† Irish Medical times, 14(17), 18. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). 1995. â€Å"Annals of Internal Medicine,† 122: 561-568. Drury. 1986. â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus,† 2nd Ed, Blackwell & Scientific Publications. Dunne L.1997. â€Å"A literature review of advanced clinical nursing practice in the United States of America,† Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25: 814-819. Dunning. 2003. â€Å"Care of People with Diabetes: A Manual of Nursing Practice, p.65-69.† Ellenberg et al. 2002. â€Å"Ellenberg and Rifkin's Diabetes Mellitus,† McGraw-Hill Professional, p.82. Fink, SL. 1967. â€Å"Crisis and Motivation: A Theoretical Model,† Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab., 592–97. Flarey, Dominick L & Blancett, Suzanne Smith. 1996. â€Å"Case Studies in Nursing Case Management: Health Care Delivery in a World of Managed Care,† Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Gregg et al. 2000. â€Å"Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women?† Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group, Arch Intern Med, 160:174–180. Guthrie, Richard A & Guthrie, Diana W. 2002. â€Å"Nursing Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Guide to the Pattern Approach,† Springer Publishing. Joshu, Debra Haire. 1996. â€Å"Management of Diabetes Mellitus: Perspectives of Care across the Life Span,† Mosby, 2nd ed. Keegan et al. 2002. â€Å"Foot problems as risk factors of fractures,† Am J Epidemiology, 155:926–931. Kessler, IJ. 1971. â€Å"Mortality experience of diabetic patients,† Am.J.Med., 51, p.724. Long, Barbara C et al. 1995. â€Å"Adult Nursing: A Nursing Process Approach,† Elsevier Health Sciences. McCarthy. 1996. â€Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of Specialism in nursing,† Paper presented to An Bord altranais Conference, Continuing Education for Nurses. Metcalf L. 1998. â€Å"Ensuring continuity of care for diabetic patients attending hospital,† Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 2(5):135-138. O’Sullivan, JB. 1969. â€Å"Population re-tested for diabetes after 17 years: New Prevalence Study,† Diabetologia, 5:4, 211-14. Otong, Deoborah Antai. 2003. â€Å"Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts,† Thomson Delmar Learning. Report of the Commission on Nursing. 1998. â€Å"Government Publications,† Section 6.33, page 105. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). 1998. British Medical Journal 317(7160): 703-713. Wallace et al. 2002. â€Å"Incidence of falls, risk factors for falls, and fall-related fractures in individuals with diabetes and a prior foot ulcer,† Diabetes Care, 25:1983–1986. Wilson-Barnett J & Beech S. 1994. â€Å"Evaluating the Clinical Nurse Specialist: A review,† International Journal of Nursing Studies, 13 (6): 561-571. World Health Organization Publications.1991-1998.

Is it possible to identify who is to blame for the debt crisis Essay Example

Is it possible to identify who is to blame for the debt crisis Essay Example Is it possible to identify who is to blame for the debt crisis Essay Is it possible to identify who is to blame for the debt crisis Essay Essay Topic: Economics The debt crisis, a term used for discussing the situation of third world debt, is an extremely complex issue, with multiple factors affecting the constantly fluctuating and increasing problem that many of the least developed countries (LDCs) are still facing today. One of the key aspects of the debt crisis is not necessarily the loans themselves all countries have some deficit, but rather the sustainability of the debt; that is whether or not a country can afford to repay the loans it has taken out (if a debt is over 40% of a countries GDP it qualifies as nsustainable). Questions that comes to mind when looking at the debt crisis today, and indeed the crisis that has been developing since the 1960s, is how can creditors be happy to lend money to developing countries whose situation indicates a high improbability of being able to repay the loans without immense damage to their economy for which the loans are meant to be beneficial? Are these decisions calculated? And why are the loans harming not helping? It is the nature of a capitalist, consumerist economy for loans to be encouraged whether on a huge scale uch as those faced by LDCs in the debt crisis, or small scale loans such as credit cards and mortgages. (I feel that it should be noted that loans between countries is not a new concept and has a history of over 175 years (Sachs, 1989:4) around the same time as capitalism took stronghold across the world). Although theoretically these debts are supposed to be an investment which will be beneficial in the long term, it has become the case in many countries that loans can in fact prohibit the scale of progress that can be made due to the many restrictions of repaying the ebts (which are often crippling amounts), meaning LDCs find it very hard to catch up to more developed countries no matter the amount they loan. Within the modern culture of international super powers and a macroeconomic climate that feeds off the economic situation of all the countries involved in trade, it is difficult to assign blame to a single element or financial body, as is often the case when trying to pinpoint responsibility for crisis. Indeed as many of the readings emphasise (Sachs, Whaites, Jain) it is the creditors blame the debtors for having bad economic olicies, whilst the debtors blame the creditors on the unfair advantage the bankers hold. However, this is a very oversimplified view of assigning blame, and in this essay will explore the variety of explanations of how such a debt crisis emerged and who, if anyone, can be thought of as responsible. To understand more fully the origins of the debt crisis it is essential that we understand the economic situation at the time of the first loans, in other words why did certain countries need to borrow huge amounts of money which would come to cripple their hopes for successful development. Many of the first loans to LDCs were made in the 1960s following the economic robbery (Whaites, 1991) that was colonialism. Following their independence after years of exploitative and self-interested policies implemented by colonial powers (which included the countries that would become the creditors), many of todays LDCs were granted freedom without the consideration of how they would proceed to successfully develop after so many of their resources had been taken without re investment from colonial power; the tools needed for significant development had been taken and used before these countries had reedom and the opportunity to set up an infrastructure capable of achieving economic and social progress, for example countries such as Zambia were unable to tackle problems such as health and education amongst others, many of which are still prominent problems today (see list of MDGs on UN website). However, in the wake of finally being given freedom many countries facing these troubles decided borrowed huge amounts to fund highly ambitious goals, and also to get over the holes within the economy (World Ban k website) such as the need to import goods such as petroleum and iron due to lack of industrialisation. This, in turn led to a high dependency on basic commodity exports (Whaites 1991), which would have been ok so long as the economy continued to be prosperous and there remained buyers for the exports. These factors led to the point at which a number of countries faced critical situations (Easterly, 2002:2) in regards to their debt service payments. However a serious crisis did not emerge until the 1970s, when the price of oil had an untold effect on the next 40 years of debt. In the early 70s and again later in the decade oil prices rose dramatically, leading to mass amounts of oney being loaned to many LCDs with oil reserves, who obviously thought economic successes would be made rapidly. However the economic situation took a turn for the worse and soon inflation and interest rates rose and those creditors who had raced (Eichengreen Lindert 1992:1) to lend money for potential petro dollars (Whaites 1991), left many countries not only with a much higher debt and much higher interest rates, but also a world market facing a recession, meaning economies that relied on highly on trade would find fewer buyers and lower prices for their exports. Countries that had invested all their hopes and borrowed inance in the oil trade now faced debts that were completely unsustainable and those without reserves faced economic growth that was too slow to repay the money that had been borrowed. This situation has been viewed in two different ways, the creditors see such rash investments as a bad choice of economic policy, placing the blame on the debtors for their economic situation, whereas the debtors point the finger at the banks that were so keen to lend copious (Sachs 1989: 2) amounts of money out even after prices for oil had dropped for they were preoccupied with the large returns they were etting from previous loans, one leading bank was looking at 72% of the overall earnings coming from international operations in 1976 (Sachs 1989:8), meaning lenders were blind sighted to the fact that it was dim that the debt incurred in the 1970s ver paid back in full (Eichengreen Lindert 1992:3). The events in the 1970s set the precedent for the next 20+ years, in which problems were faced largely by a variety of cause and effect situations, meaning blame could be circulated over and over, there is no clear cause. However some countries such as Indonesia and South Korea success fully managed to gain some economic prosperity hrough loans, raising the question of whether they made wise investments opposed to the so called bad economic policies of some indebted countries, or whether their investments were lucky and caught the economy at the right time, highlighting again the difficulty of assigning blame. Whilst OECD states recovered from the recession reasonably easily, the heavily indebted countries fell further and further behind. In the case of Latin America the financial situation reached such a severe problem that Mexico defaulted on their loan, having a massive knock on effect on the willingness of creditors to lend. Leaving struggling ountries with no money to invest, no substantial demand for the export products they relied on so heavily and a disadvantage in the trade market, due to OECD states adopting protectionist policies, driving a wedge between market and shadow prices (Sachs 1989:13) and resulting in LDCs having little or no money for investment and development of welfare as it was being used for consumerism. Creditors had lost faith temporarily in lending out money (although lending was restored within a few short years) feeling debtors had dug themselves in a hole they could not get out of, with no escape from the service debt they were struggling to afford. Perhaps it is possible that ill thought out, unrealistic economic policies were applied in this period that did nothing but further widen the gap LDCs were desperately trying to close, various bad investments were made, which resulted in little economic benefits from the large loans undertaken. I feel it is debatable whether or not the banks had been ignorant to the massive risk they were taking through lending money (perhaps they even felt they had to do so as to give countries a chance? or whether the risk was always expected to end badly meaning the LDCs remained subordinated to rich owerful countries that already existed, the former colonial powers that had given countries freedom only due to the impossibility of retaining their empire successfully, ensuring more cheap labour and opportunities for cheap trade and exploitation of the third world countries who were trapped in their economic situation. Even recent debt relief programs that have been set up have to be questioned, whilst it is too soon to tell what effect the multilateral debt relief initiative will have, as Easterly comments, the last 3 years have seen debt ratios drop and per capita ncome rise in countries that had been deemed at completion point in the HIPC initiative of which the benefits are still as yet unclear. In order to gain help HIPC countries must comply with strict fiscal disciplines (Jubilee USA brief 2008) and allow the IMF to control key policies regarding financial spending supposedly to insure avoidance of any more bad policies being made. However, policies implemented by the IMF have prolonged austerity, reduced public spending and even driven the price of cotton in Mali down to an artificially low price in order to compete with other arkets with a variety of advantages, meaning little profit is being made (Jubilee USA brief 2008), contradictory of this information of the IMF website which claims to be increasing social spending amongst many other successes. However it is evidently resulted in less change to the debt than expected suggesting therefore that whilst blame may be tricky to assign for such huge debts, the solution is even harder to pin point. However whilst both the creditors and the debtors are eager to assign the blame to the other party, it is commonly the case that corruption is to blame for the extreme levels of the debt crisis. Jain (1998) talks extensively about corruption in economics and the power of that to destroy even a prosperous economy whether it be corruption amongst the creditors or debtors. Kremer and Jayachandran (2002) call this type of debt odious debt by which they mean illegitimate debt, which occurs through corrupt leadership taking out debts; never having intended to invest it in the country, but to keep it for themselves. A recent example of a case such as this is Mubarak, who is reported (BBC news 2011) to have up to $70 billion dollars that he has stolen over time from the Egyptian people, an mount twice as much as their countries entire debt which stands at $34. 46 billion. This huge injustice shows that the blame for huge economic crisis can sometimes lie with a corrupt leader good at concealing what he is doing (the HIPC initiative aims to tackle problems such as this) money taken in this way will never see any investment back into the country as it is often hidden where it will yield stable and lucrative (Whaites 1991) returns, in a phenomenon known as flight capital. Although is not always a case of illicit money being taken out of a country, but sometimes ore innocently a consequence of a bad economy, investors want to store their money where they will see the highest return, resulting in a vicious circle of low investment, low growth and continuing capital flight (Whaites 1991), once more highlighting that a solution is as hard to discover as placing blame for the start of the situation. After examining some of the origins of the debt crisis, as well as looking at how the situation has progressed in the last 40 years, it is still hard to see who exactly is to blame for the crisis, and no party is prepared to accept esponsibility as that could have serious repercussions, such as the banks being forced to call off the debts, or the LDCs being denied extensive aid. Whilst Eichengreen Lindert (2002) feel that circumstances such as this have happened in history before due to the nature or the international economy, Easterly (2002) highlights the impact irresponsible lending has had in what is described as violation of prudential standards of creditworthiness i. e. lending money to a source that can quite clearly not pay the money back, at least not without serious sacrifice. For whatever motives, the banks have made serious errors resulting in uncontrollable amounts of debt. However, many miscalculations have been made on the side of the debtors too, including both accepting unrealistic loans and harbouring overambitious goals (though can they be blamed for this? ). One of the key issues surrounding this debate is that the loans were not forced by either party, encouraged unwisely perhaps, or accepted too eagerly, but not forced. Therefore blame cannot be assigned, perhaps even, it is just the uncontrollable nature of our economy that is behind the crisis reaching the level it is at today. In cases where odious debt exists however it is much easier to pin point the driving force behind unsustainable debt unconceivable selfishness, corruption and complete disregard for the country they are supposed to be in charge of. Unfortunately whatever is to account for the situation today, it is clear who it is suffering the most from it, and sadly, those who are hit the hardest by the debt crisis are also the ones with the smallest influence on how it will shape out. Sadly it seems that economic capital is more valuable than human life and development.

Free Essays on Natural Evil

â€Å"Natural Evil† â€Å"Natural Evil† refers to injury and suffering caused by diseases, accidents, earthquakes, fires and floods. When seeing these events on the television or hearing them on the radio we either think nothing of it or feel bad for the victim or in most cases the victims. This begs us to ask â€Å"Why do bad things happen to good people?† or if we are unfortunate enough to experience these events firsthand we ask ourselves â€Å"Why?† or Why me?† As human beings, all of us feel that we are good people and that these courses of events are unjust and wrong. This gives us a general notion that bad things really don’t happen to good people, never have and never will. This notion has absolutely no clarity though, because bad things do happen to good people every day. It is these people with this notion that bad things don’t happen to good people that put the blame of tragic events on God’s shoulders. These same people are one’s who faith is threatened when a young boy dies of leukemia but only feel sorrow for a man who dies â€Å"in good old age and full of years.† (Gen 25:8) According to Migliore, it is no more just that a young boy of leukemia than a man die of old age, because as he says it is god’s natural order and not that of â€Å"infinite creatures.† Creaturely life is Transient; it has a beginning and an end (Ps. 90:10). This quote out of psalms states that life is simple you are born and you die. According to Migliore, â€Å" God has created a world in which there is both birth and death, both rationality and contingency, both order and freedom, both risk and venerability.† Migliore uses this to explain natural order. He is explaining that God has no set natural order of death or order in which people die. According to Migliore, it is all freedom; we are in somewhat control of when we die. If you die from lung cancer because you are a smoker that is your own fault, god has no control over it. Na... Free Essays on Natural Evil Free Essays on Natural Evil â€Å"Natural Evil† â€Å"Natural Evil† refers to injury and suffering caused by diseases, accidents, earthquakes, fires and floods. When seeing these events on the television or hearing them on the radio we either think nothing of it or feel bad for the victim or in most cases the victims. This begs us to ask â€Å"Why do bad things happen to good people?† or if we are unfortunate enough to experience these events firsthand we ask ourselves â€Å"Why?† or Why me?† As human beings, all of us feel that we are good people and that these courses of events are unjust and wrong. This gives us a general notion that bad things really don’t happen to good people, never have and never will. This notion has absolutely no clarity though, because bad things do happen to good people every day. It is these people with this notion that bad things don’t happen to good people that put the blame of tragic events on God’s shoulders. These same people are one’s who faith is threatened when a young boy dies of leukemia but only feel sorrow for a man who dies â€Å"in good old age and full of years.† (Gen 25:8) According to Migliore, it is no more just that a young boy of leukemia than a man die of old age, because as he says it is god’s natural order and not that of â€Å"infinite creatures.† Creaturely life is Transient; it has a beginning and an end (Ps. 90:10). This quote out of psalms states that life is simple you are born and you die. According to Migliore, â€Å" God has created a world in which there is both birth and death, both rationality and contingency, both order and freedom, both risk and venerability.† Migliore uses this to explain natural order. He is explaining that God has no set natural order of death or order in which people die. According to Migliore, it is all freedom; we are in somewhat control of when we die. If you die from lung cancer because you are a smoker that is your own fault, god has no control over it. Na...

The Great Sphinx of the Giza Plateau

The Great Sphinx of the Giza Plateau Free Online Research Papers On the Giza plateau stands the one and only great sphinx. The Sphinx was carved from the bedrock of the Giza plateau, the Sphinx is a mysterious marvel from the days of ancient Egypt. With the body of a lion and the head of a king or god, the sphinx has come to symbolize strength and wisdom. From the north side of the Sphinx reveals the proportion of the body to the head. It would appear as though the head is small in proportion to the body. Because of the changing desert terrain, the body of the Sphinx has been buried over the past several thousand years. Most recently in 1905, the sand has been cleared away to expose the magnitude and beauty of the entirety of the Sphinx. The paws themselves are 50 feet long while the entire length is 150 feet. The head is 30 feet long and 14 feet wide. Because certain layers of the stone are softer than others, there is a high degree of erosion that has claimed the original detail of the carved figure. Although the head of the Sphinx is badly broken in some places, traces of the original paint can still be seen near one ear. Originally it is believed that the Sphinx was painted and was quite colorful. Since then, the nose and beard have been broken away. The nose was the unfortunate victim of target practice by the Turks in the Turkish period. It is often erroneously assumed that the nose was shot off by Napoleons men, but 18th century drawings reveal that the nose was missing long before Napoleons arrival. In between the paws of the Sphinx is a stela, now called the Dream Stela, which is inscribed with a story. The 18th Dynasty story tells of the time that Thutmosis IV fell asleep under the Sphinx which was covered to the neck in sand. Thutmosis had a dream that the Sphinx spoke to him and promised that if he would free the Sphinx from the sand, Thutmosis would be destined to become king of Egypt. During the 18th Dynasty, Thutmosis IV probably did clear the Sphinx at that time. But it is more likely that the story about the dream was created for a ancient propaganda story to help prove the legitimacy of the king. This type of story could support the validity of a kingship, asserting and assuring the power of the pharaoh as designated by the gods, or in this case, the Sphinx itself. About 12500 years ago the great sphinx was built carved right from the bedrock of the Giza plateau. Built with the head of a pharaoh and the body of a lion its meant to show power strength and wisdom, but it was destroyed in the 18th century by napoleons men but still stands to this very day because of its authority and stability. associatedcontent.com/article/19568/a_history_of_the_great_sphinx_of_giza.html. Research Papers on The Great Sphinx of the Giza PlateauCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Hockey GameTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBringing Democracy to AfricaHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHonest Iagos Truth through Deception

Self Magazine critic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self Magazine critic - Essay Example The articles were usually based on elements that seemed quite fictional when considered to be applicable in real life. Needless to say, the cover page article on Keri Russell (Bried)was quite entertaining and one could not help but admit that the interview did indeed hold quite a degree of authenticity to it and a breath of fresh air when compared to a certain sense of artificialness that prevailed across the rest of the magazine (SELF Magazine). Articles such as Make good sex great (Pamela)and More Joy, Less Stress appeared to be amongst the major highlights of the issue and while one cannot feel that such article names are quite clichà © when considered in the backdrop of the modern day article names that are scattered across magazine covers, an brief overview of the articles proved that they were in fact quite unique in their narration and held a certain sense of honesty about them as if the author had not written them for mere commercial value and had not acquired the data used in the articles from a few second grade websites. Rather there was an undeniable feeling that no matter which perception the authors had kept in mind while writing the articles, one could not disagree on the fact that the knowledge of the writers regarding the subject matter of their articles was not something that one could doubt. Moving further on into the December issue of the much acclaimed magazine there was a pleasant picture that the magazine continued to present with articles such as 31 minutes to solve any shopping dilemma which was perhaps one of the few in the magazine that held a solid sense of reality and application in them. Other articles that were observed to possess a similar degree of applicable utility also included 8 One minute relaxers and 77 Easy ideas for doing good which were based upon a particular perception that was observed in not only this issue of the magazine but also in other issues of the magazine. The magazine ensured that not a single

Hypo-kinetic diseases and physical activity Essay

Hypo-kinetic diseases and physical activity - Essay Example 2014). Apart from genetics, excess weight in young children results from overeating of unhealthy junk, oily and sugary foods combined with under-exercise which leads to fat accumulation below body tissues (Erlichman, J.et al, 2002).To some children, overeating has been associated with esteem issues. Hypo-kinetic diseases cause adverse health issues like cardiovascular disease and type 2diabetes which are highly linked to increased rates of morbidity and mortality. As such, obesity in young children needs to be handled before they can be transferred into adulthood. To reduce obesity and overweight issues in children, in addition to a healthy lifestyle, children should be engaged in physical activity and cardio-respiratory fitness (Hills, A. P.2013). However, physical exercise should be regulated to avoid accidents. Over-exercise in young women combined with prolonged starvation can cause brittle bones which fracture leading to skeletal risk. Some symptoms of over-exercise could includ e; missing or irregular menstrual cycle, extreme thinness, extreme weight loss and loss of appetite among such behaviors. Such signs should be adequately treated by consuming enough calories to sustain the level of physical activity and also moderating the level of exercise to match the age, energy consumption and sex (NIH,

Cold and Green in Gawain and the Green Knight. How does the season and Essay

Cold and Green in Gawain and the Green Knight. How does the season and the color green convey some of the themes in Gawain and the Green Knight - Essay Example This goes well on the first two days, but on the third, the Lady hands him a girdle which will prevent Gawain from being harmed during the return blow. Gawain is tempted into keeping the girdle, when he should have handed it over, and when the Green Knight comes to give the blows, makes two feints with the axe, and then strikes Gawain with the blunt end of the axe. The Green Knight reveals himself as the Lord of the Castle, and explains that the two feints stood for the two days when Gawain kept his promise, and the small cut was for the third day, when Gawain was tempted into keeping the girdle. The poem itself contains a number of symbolic sequences, the most commonly noted being the number three (three nights at the castle, three kisses, and three swings with the axe). The beheading game itself is part of an older tradition which celebrates the symbolic killing of the Holly King by the Oak King, and the Holly King's return of the favour with the next season. Indeed, although this is an outwardly Christian allegory, there are plenty of references to pagan and nature religions as well. Many commentators have associated the Green Knight with one element of nature worship, the Green Man. Traditionally, this figure is a 'wild man' deity, closely tied in to nature and the changing seasons. The Green Man represents all that is wild and awesome in nature. The Green Knight clearly symbolises this element when he gatecrashes the King's Christmas party to lay down his challenge: The butterflies and birds embroidered thereon In green of the gayest, with many a gold thread For much did they marvel at what it might mean That a horseman and a horse should have such a hue Grow green as the grass, and greener, it seemed Than green fused on gold more glorious by far. (Abrams, page 237-239) However, as well as nature, ancient texts associated green with death and magic, two other unpredictable forces which the medieval audience would be familiar with. The Green Knight's association with Morgan Le Fay emphasises his connection with magic, as does his appearances during the Christmas period: During the twelve days of Yule the forces of death and chaos Were unleashed upon the earth.We see himas the force Of both, life and death which intrudes into the human world. (Rowan 1995) In this interpretation, the beheading contest is a test of Gawain's courage and mettle, a knightly adventure which ends with Gawain's symbolic death and rebirth - a ritual with meanings in European societies far into the Christian period. Green is mentioned more than fifty times in the poem, and is the most frequent colour used by the poet. The Green of the Green Knight would bring to mind all of these issues to medieval listeners; and his role as a tester of Gawain in order to initiate him into the mysteries of life and death. Gawain returns to Arthur's court wearing a green sash, emphasising that he has passed the test and become a member of the Green Knight's court. In this interpretation, the meaning of Gawain's journey through the winter wastelands is clearly associated with the test. If the Green Knight is the lord of Life and Death, then the wasteland is the symbol of Gawain's moving from the reality of

Crisis Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Crisis Management - Research Paper Example This report will present a brief overview of crisis associated with the companies that is, organizational crisis will be the main area of study. In addition, this report will also present insights of the modern crisis management techniques adopted by organizations around the world. Furthermore, the report will also throw light on the cases where companies have faced crisis situation and how they dealt and overcame that situation. In this context the company which has been chosen to depict the importance of crisis management and also to reveal how the company surmounted the situation is Nokia. After that, depending upon the findings of the literature study a conclusion will be drawn. Finally some recommendations will be also provided by which will assist companies to address different forms of crisis. Defining Crisis Eminent scholars have stressed on the fact that crisis is a threat to organizations, an unexpected element and short periods of risk (Akers, 2007, p.11). It can affect ev ery segments of the social order that include educational institutions, non profits, churches, business, families, government etc. This study will however focus on the issue in the context of an organization. For an organization crisis can be illustrated as an anomalous and uncharacteristic situation or perception, which is beyond the control of an organization and also threatens to impact their operation. Several cases have also pointed out that if a possible crisis is identified at the initial stage, it will have least impact or the impact can be minimized to a large extent. On the other hand if a company fails to determine the possible crisis at the initial stage, it can adversely affect the operation of an organization. Even in some cases, a crisis can also threaten the survival of a business. Hence for them to survive and operate effectively in the market place, superior crisis management techniques and tools should be in place (Fearn-Banks, 2010, p.2). Defining Crisis Manageme nt Crisis management is simply defined as a systematic effort to circumvent or manage the crisis that an organization may face during its lifetime. The concept of crisis management was initiated during the 1980s, when large number of environmental and industrial disasters took place (Barton, 2007, p.5). In order to manage a crisis effectively an organization should consider a systematic approach towards the improvement process as it is indispensable to safeguard the reputation of company along with its brands. Therefore companies should enlighten their customers about the happening and to some extent is necessary for survival (Khodarahmi, 2009, p.524). Additionally, eminent scholars such as Appelbaum, Keller, Alvarez & Bedard (2012) added that relatively modern concepts such as strategic planning can also be effective in managing organizational crisis to a satisfactory level. The authors also put emphasis on the fact that a number of US corporations are employing this concept to for ecast and deal with the issues, threats or problems that are beyond the operating control of the firms. Discussion Eminent scholars such as Dinant and Miller have identified seminal researchers in the same field of study. They categorized the study into two major groups namely macro and micro sizes. The primary intention of their study was to offer insights regarding the most committed

Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services Term Paper

Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services - Term Paper Example Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services The people that need these services are directly affected when the health sector is not up to their task (Thorpe and Cascio, 2013). Therefore, it is in the best interests of the health care sector to guarantee it has contained all its challenges and setbacks in ensuring the public is getting the much needed services without delay. The stagnating problem in the health care sector is provision of high quality services that are affordable by all the people in the region. According to the recent statistics, many people find it hard to afford the health care services and in most cases, they have to struggle in acquiring such services (Elliott, 2012). They have constrained budgets and have to minimize these budgets to continue living. As such, some people find it a prudent idea to forego healthcare services as they find these resources useful in other needy situations. This is a repulsive problem in many populations that find health care services expensive (Shortell, Casalino and Fisher, 2010). Similarly, there is a stagnating problem when governing bodies try to improve the quality of health care and delivery of these services. The health care is marred with costs that are increasing with every move they take to improve the delivery of health care services (Rogers, 2006). As such, the healthcare sector is in a biza rre situation where it is trying to reduce costs in delivering affordable health care, but on the other hand, the costs keep bulging due to the need to improve the service delivery. (CMS Innovation Center, 2012). How Addressed by ACA The ACA created the centre for Medicare and Medicaid innovation to deal with the issue. The institution is crafted for the ostensible reason of perfecting health care delivery and focusing on the payment systems (The Center for Medicare and Medicaid, 2012). Similarly, the institution is mandated to support care coordination in the health care sector and enhancing professional practice in healthcare. This institution was instated to deal with the menace of high spending in the health care sector while dealing with provision of high quality services. There are various approaches that are used by the CMS (Sharamotaro, 2011). First, it was to test the delivery and payment models in the institutions which would be used to measure the improvement in service d elivery. Secondly, the institutions considered relaxing some laws that were governing relationships in the financial sector especially directed towards the providers (Cosgrove, 2012). Thirdly, there was waiving of some acts in order to enhance testing. Some of the acts that were affected include the social security act. Pros and Cons There is both positivity and negativity in the approach taken by the institution. To begin with, there is positivity in that many people will have access to affordable medical care. The people that need these services will only spend part of their income in acquiring high quality healthcare services (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2012). Secondly, there is positivity in that people will have access to high quality services that are provided in the institution (Baron, 2012). Many institutions will step up

Assignment proposal 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal 4 - Assignment Example Questionnaires are one of the data collection methods that I will use in this research. In my questionnaires, I will include both closed-ended and open-ended questions. Closed-ended questions will capture non-negotiable information such as the name of the organization and the department from which my respondents will be coming from. Individual opinions about what different aspects of privatization will be captured using open-ended questions. Since questionnaires are effective in market research, they will help answer my research question because it has to do with the private sector (Roland 2008, 34). Interviews are the other data method that will be employed in my dissertation research. Interviews will be essential in probing respondents on the basis of their personal beliefs and opinions about privatization. These interviews will be done through face-to-face encounters with respondents or through telephone calls for respondents who will not be accessible through face-to-face meeting. One thing that makes interviews sufficient in answering my research question is that they will allow follow up questions on the answers that respondents will give hence providing a better understanding of the topic (IMF 2010, 71). The demographics that may be of significance to this research include age, level of education and the position in which every respondent serves in Zain Company. Age demographics will provide insight into the varying perceptions of privatization by different generations including baby boomers (born between 1940s and 1960s) and the millennial (born between 1970s and 2000). Gender will be captured but may not have a determining impact on the findings on the topic under study. All participants that are employees of Zain Company will be eligible for inclusion in this study. Government employees in the Department of Statistics will be included as key participants in this research (Megginson 2005, 27). In analyzing my data, I

Crisis Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Crisis Management - Research Paper Example This report will present a brief overview of crisis associated with the companies that is, organizational crisis will be the main area of study. In addition, this report will also present insights of the modern crisis management techniques adopted by organizations around the world. Furthermore, the report will also throw light on the cases where companies have faced crisis situation and how they dealt and overcame that situation. In this context the company which has been chosen to depict the importance of crisis management and also to reveal how the company surmounted the situation is Nokia. After that, depending upon the findings of the literature study a conclusion will be drawn. Finally some recommendations will be also provided by which will assist companies to address different forms of crisis. Defining Crisis Eminent scholars have stressed on the fact that crisis is a threat to organizations, an unexpected element and short periods of risk (Akers, 2007, p.11). It can affect ev ery segments of the social order that include educational institutions, non profits, churches, business, families, government etc. This study will however focus on the issue in the context of an organization. For an organization crisis can be illustrated as an anomalous and uncharacteristic situation or perception, which is beyond the control of an organization and also threatens to impact their operation. Several cases have also pointed out that if a possible crisis is identified at the initial stage, it will have least impact or the impact can be minimized to a large extent. On the other hand if a company fails to determine the possible crisis at the initial stage, it can adversely affect the operation of an organization. Even in some cases, a crisis can also threaten the survival of a business. Hence for them to survive and operate effectively in the market place, superior crisis management techniques and tools should be in place (Fearn-Banks, 2010, p.2). Defining Crisis Manageme nt Crisis management is simply defined as a systematic effort to circumvent or manage the crisis that an organization may face during its lifetime. The concept of crisis management was initiated during the 1980s, when large number of environmental and industrial disasters took place (Barton, 2007, p.5). In order to manage a crisis effectively an organization should consider a systematic approach towards the improvement process as it is indispensable to safeguard the reputation of company along with its brands. Therefore companies should enlighten their customers about the happening and to some extent is necessary for survival (Khodarahmi, 2009, p.524). Additionally, eminent scholars such as Appelbaum, Keller, Alvarez & Bedard (2012) added that relatively modern concepts such as strategic planning can also be effective in managing organizational crisis to a satisfactory level. The authors also put emphasis on the fact that a number of US corporations are employing this concept to for ecast and deal with the issues, threats or problems that are beyond the operating control of the firms. Discussion Eminent scholars such as Dinant and Miller have identified seminal researchers in the same field of study. They categorized the study into two major groups namely macro and micro sizes. The primary intention of their study was to offer insights regarding the most committed

Assignment proposal 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal 4 - Assignment Example Questionnaires are one of the data collection methods that I will use in this research. In my questionnaires, I will include both closed-ended and open-ended questions. Closed-ended questions will capture non-negotiable information such as the name of the organization and the department from which my respondents will be coming from. Individual opinions about what different aspects of privatization will be captured using open-ended questions. Since questionnaires are effective in market research, they will help answer my research question because it has to do with the private sector (Roland 2008, 34). Interviews are the other data method that will be employed in my dissertation research. Interviews will be essential in probing respondents on the basis of their personal beliefs and opinions about privatization. These interviews will be done through face-to-face encounters with respondents or through telephone calls for respondents who will not be accessible through face-to-face meeting. One thing that makes interviews sufficient in answering my research question is that they will allow follow up questions on the answers that respondents will give hence providing a better understanding of the topic (IMF 2010, 71). The demographics that may be of significance to this research include age, level of education and the position in which every respondent serves in Zain Company. Age demographics will provide insight into the varying perceptions of privatization by different generations including baby boomers (born between 1940s and 1960s) and the millennial (born between 1970s and 2000). Gender will be captured but may not have a determining impact on the findings on the topic under study. All participants that are employees of Zain Company will be eligible for inclusion in this study. Government employees in the Department of Statistics will be included as key participants in this research (Megginson 2005, 27). In analyzing my data, I

The Neolithic and Industrial Revolutions Essay Example for Free

The Neolithic and Industrial Revolutions Essay The two changes in the use of the earths resources that had the greatest effect on the world population were the Neolithic and the industrial revolutions. The Neolithic revolution (a.k.a. agricultural revolution) was a change in the way of life of our ancestors. It took place about 8000 years ago among various tribes in Asia and the Middle East. It included a transition from foraging and hunting to the domestication of animals (most probably starting with the dog) and to farming. Tribes settled in fertile areas and formed agricultural communities many of which grew into villages and cities. This relatively stable way of life and the more reliable food supply (and surplus) led to the development of new professions, to labor specialization and ultimately to the stratification of these societies. Improved conditions of life led to somewhat longer life spans. Nevertheless population growth remained low due to high infant mortality rates. The impact of the Neolithic revolution was not as much on immediate population growth (even though it did have a long term impact on population growth) as on the material and spiritual development of the human race. It is widely regarded as the beginning of civilization. Industrial revolution was another process of change. It was the process of substituting muscle power with machine power. It took place in the 18th century in Europe and is still happening in many parts of the world. In many characteristics it has been similar to the Neolithic revolution: it increased production, it led to the use of resources that had been mostly unused until then and it improved the overall quality of life. It also led to changes in the structure of society. What was different was its impact on population growth. It was quick and easily noticeable. Advanced sanitation, hygiene and medicine led to longer life spans and declining death rates, with the birth rates remaining high. This resulted in a high rate of population growth that still continues in many countries. The information revolution is the process of change that began in the second half of the 20th century in the developed countries of the world. It is the process of substituting brain power with machine power. It leads to increased production and has the potential to create a more even distribution of the worlds population on the surface of the earth. It also has the potential to decrease the differences between the less developed and the highly developed nations of the world. Then again it also has the potential to increase those differences. It causes changes in the structure of society. Many of its impacts are still to be experienced. Environmental Revolution means In view of some, a coming change in the adaptation of human to the rising deterioration of the environment. The Environmental Revolution will purportedly bring about sustainable interactions with the environment. Revolutions suggest overthrowing something, and indeed, what is involved is an overthrow of prevalent attitudes toward over economy and the environment. This does not have to be a violent revolution; it could take place so peacefully that it would take a future generation to look back and realize that a major revolution had occurred. We can choose to undergo the changes necessary to achieve sustainability by planning properly and learning as we go, or we can ignore the signs of unsustainability and increase our impact on the environment by driving bigger cars ( and more of them), living in bigger houses, flying off to more vacations, and, in general, expecting to enjoy more of everything. And the developing world, as it tries desperately to catch up to our living standards, could make the same mistakes we are making, with devastating consequences because there so many more people there than in the developed world. If we choose to ignore the signs that our current practices are unsustainable, a different kind of environmental revolution will be thrust upon us by the inability of the environment to support an irresponsible human population. Biogeochemical cycles In the carbon cycle, the key events are the complementary reactions of  respiration and photosynthesis. Respiration takes carbohydrates and oxygen and combines them to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Photosynthesis (6CO + 12H O + Light Energy C H O + 6O +6H O) takes carbon dioxide and water and produces carbohydrates and oxygen. The outputs of respiration are the inputs of photosynthesis, and the outputs of photosynthesis are the inputs of respiration. The reactions are also complementary in the way they deal with energy. Photosynthesis takes energy from the sun and stores it in the carbon-carbon bonds of carbohydrates; respiration releases that energy. Both plants and animals carry on respiration, but only plants and other producers can carry on photosynthesis. The chief reservoirs for carbon dioxide are in the oceans and in rock. Carbon dioxide dissolves readily in water. Once there, it may precipitate as a solid rock known as calcium carbonate. Corals and algae encourage this reaction and build up limestone reefs in the process. On land and in the water, plants take up carbon dioxide and convert it into carbohydrates through photosynthesis. This carbon in the plants now has 3 possible endings. It can be returned to the atmosphere by the plant through respiration; it can be eaten by an animal, or it can be present in the plant when the plant dies. Animals obtain all their carbon in their food, and, thus, all carbon in biological systems ultimately comes from plants. In the animal, the carbon also has the same 3 possible endings. Carbon from plants or animals that is released to the atmosphere through respiration will either be taken up by a plant in photosynthesis or dissolved in the oceans. When an animal or a plant dies, two things can happen to the carbon in it. It can either be respired by decomposers or released to the atmosphere, or it can be buried intact and ultimately form coal, oil, or natural gas (fossil fuels). The fossil fuels can be mined and burned in the future; releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Otherwise, the carbon in limestone or other sediments can only be released to the atmosphere when they are sub ducted and brought to volcanoes, or when they are pushed to the surface and slowly weathered away. Humans have a great impact on the carbon cycle because when we burn fossil fuels we release excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This means that more carbon dioxide goes into the oceans, and more is present in the atmosphere. This causes global warming, because the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere allows more energy to reach the  Earth from the sun than it allows escaping from the Earth into space. Phosphorus has only one form, phosphate. This molecule never makes its way into the atmosphere; it is always part of an organism, dissolved in water, or in the form of rock. When rock with phosphate is exposed to water, the rock is weathered out and goes into solution. Plants get phosphorus from the soil, after the water washes it into the ground. Animals obtain their phosphorous from the plants they eat. Animals may also use phosphorous as a component of bones, teeth and shells. When animals or plants die, the phosphate may be returned to the soil or water by the decomposers. There, it can be taken up by another plant and used again. This cycle will occur over and over until at last the phosphorous is lost at the bottom of the deepest parts of the ocean, where it becomes part of the sedimentary rocks forming there. Ultimately, this phosphorous will be released if the rock is brought to the surface and weathered. Two types of animals play a unique role in the phosphorous cycle. Humans often mine rock rich in phosphorous. For instance, in Florida, which was once sea floor, there are extensive phosphate mines. The phosphate is then used as fertilizer. This mining of phosphate and use of the phosphate as fertilizer greatly accelerates the phosphorous cycle and may cause local overabundance of phosphorous, particularly in coastal regions, at the mouths of rivers, and anyplace where there is a lot of sewage released into the water. Local abundance of phosphate can cause overgrowth of algae in the water; the algae can use up all the oxygen in the water and kill other aquatic life. This is called eutrophication. The other animals that play a unique role in the phosphorous cycle are marine birds. These birds take phosphorous containing fish out of the ocean and return to land, where they defecate. Their guano contains high levels of phosphorous and in this way marine birds return phosphorous from the ocean to the land. The guano is often mined and may form the basis of the economy in some areas. Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere is composed of two nitrogen atoms bound to each other. It is a pretty non-reactive gas; it takes a lot of energy to get nitrogen gas to break up and combine with other things, such as carbon or oxygen. Nitrogen gas can be taken from the atmosphere in two ways. First,  lightning provides enough energy to burn the nitrogen and fix it in the form of nitrate. This process is duplicated in fertilizer factories to produce nitrogen fertilizers. The other form of nitrogen fixation is by nitrogen fixing bacteria, which use special enzymes instead of the extreme amount of energy found in lightning to fix nitrogen. These nitrogen-fixing bacteria come in three forms: some are free-living in the soil; some form symbiotic, mutualistic associations with the roots of bean plants and other legumes; and the third form of nitrogen-fixing bacteria are the photosynthetic cyanobacteria which are found most commonly in water. All of these fix nitrogen, either in the form of nitrate or in the form of ammonia. Most plants can take up nitrate and convert it to amino acids. Animals acquire all of their amino acids when they eat plants or other animals. When plants or animals die or release waste, the nitrogen is returned to the soil. The usual form of nitrogen returned to the soil in animal wastes or in the output of the decomposers, is ammonia. Ammonia is rather toxic, but, fortunately there are nitrite bacteria in the soil and in the water which take up ammonia and convert it to nitrite. Nitrite is also somewhat toxic, but another type of bacteria, nitrate bacteria, takes nitrite and converts it to nitrate, which can be taken up by plants to continue the cycle. Then, to return the nitrogen back to the air, there is denitrifying bacteria in the soil which takes the nitrate and combines the nitrogen back into nitrogen gas. Natural ecosystems The good and services provided by natural ecosystems are not easily seen in the market (meaning the market economy that normally allows us to place value on things) or may not be in the market at all. Thus, things such as clean air to breathe, the formation of soil, the breakdown of pollutants, and the like never pass through the market economy. People are often not even aware of their importance. Because of this, these things undervalued or not valued at all. The functioning of natural ecosystems provides services essential to human survival. Collectively, these services maintain the Earth in a state that can support life. Ecosystem services maintain the atmosphere, provide clean water, control soil erosion, pollution and pests,  pollinate plants, and much more. Consider the atmosphere. Terrestrial animals need air with the correct balance of gases, which includes at least 20% oxygen. Oxygen is provided by plants and algae through photosynthesis. So clearing vegetation and polluting the ocean may threaten the very air we breathe. Water is also essential for survival. The water cycle of rain and evaporation is partly controlled by vegetation. For example, forests can affect entire regional climates because they pump enough water from the soil to the air, causing more rainfall. Large-scale deforestation could cause serious drying of regional climates. Reference: Richard T. Wright (2005) Environmental Science toward a Sustainable Future. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Pearson Prentice Hall 9th edition https://www.eps.com

Reaction Rate of Hydrochloric Concentration

Reaction Rate of Hydrochloric Concentration Hydrochloric Intensity The purpose of the experiment was to gather an understanding for the chemical reactions, depending on the concentration. The rate of reaction is the speed of the chemical reaction. This experiment was to justify if the concentration is high or low will it affect the chemical reaction. Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. In a complex process and at a large energetic burden, it is secreted by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells). These cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. They are part of the epithelial fundic glands (also known as oxyntic glands) in the stomach. The chemical compound hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). It is a strong acid, the major component of gastric acid and of wide industrial use. (LibreTexts. 2017). It is said from (chem4kids.com. 2017) if a reaction has a low rate , that means the molecules combine at a slower speed than a reaction with a high rate. The collision theory was used to envisage the rate for a chemical change, collisions dont always have a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction needs to be equalized for it to have an effective collision. According to (Chemistry LibreTexts. 2017) A collision will be effective in producing chemical change only if the species brought together possess a certain minimum value of internal energy, equal to the activation energy of the reaction. Furthermore, the colliding species must be oriented in a manner favorable to the necessary rearrangement of atoms and electrons. (askllTians. 2017) The experiment that was used, was all 5 test tubes filled with the same amount of sodium thiosulfate and adding to each different test tube different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and timing how fast the reaction rate is. This experiment was used to find out if you had different concentrations of hydrochloric acid would it affect the rate of reactions. Na2O3S2 + HCI = SO2 Sodium thiosulfate +Hydrochloric acid = sulfur dioxide The chemicals in this experiment were Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulfate. Research has shown about hydrochloric acid it is a component found in the human digestive fluid from (Hydrochloric acid. 2017) it says that Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. In a complex process and at a large energetic burden, it is secreted by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells). These cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. They are part of the epithelial fundic glands (also known as oxyntic glands) in the stomach. The chemical compound hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). It is a strong acid, the major component of gastric acid and of wide industrial use. If the human digestive fluid had a low concentration it would take longer to digest food. Concentration is the intensity of an element or substance in an experiment. Concentration is used in everyday life in food, drinks and chemicals added to certain things. Aim The Aim for this experiment was if the concentration would affect the rate of reaction. Hypothesis The prediction for this experiment was that the reaction time will get faster and slower with each density of hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate will mix together and create a yellow substance of solid Sulphur. The controlled variable in this experiment was the concentration and the independent variable was the rate of reactions. 5 test tubes 2 measuring cylinders (50ml each) 5 different types of hydrochloric acid such as 0.2,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 (50ml each) 1 sodium thiosulfate 75ml 1 test tube rack Gloves Glasses Lab coat 3 stop watches This experiment started by the collection of the resources and safety equipment needed. Followed by the set up of the test tubes in the test tube rack and the measuring of 5ml of Sodium Thiosulfate for each of the test tubes. 15ml of Hydrochloric Acid of different concentrations ranged between 0.2 to 2.0 added to each test tube as soon as the hydrochloric acid is added the timer was stated and the experiment was observed till there werent any more changes to the chemicals. When the chemicals first had a change the time from when the hydrochloric acid added to the change was recorded into a results table. Once there was no change to the chemicals, the times was also recorded. The experiment was done three times to make sure there were the best results we could get and incase the results werent precise. After the third round of the experiments were finished the equipment used was cleaned up and the area used and all the resources and safety equipment used was returned. Diagram Risk assessment Basic steps for experiment Risks (low, moderate, high) prevention grabbing equipment from the trolley and placing it out It is at a low risk of bumping into people and dropping all the equipment To prevent this risk, you will need to walk safely to you working area and be careful with the equipment When measuring the sodium thiosulfate to put in each test tube It is at a low risk of spilling the chemicals To prevent this risk, you will need to be aware of people around you and keeping an eye on what you are doing When measuring the hydrochloric acid to put in each test tube for the first round of experiments It is at a low risk of spilling the chemicals To prevent this risk, you will need to be aware of people around you and keeping an eye on what you are doing The combination of the hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate into the same test tubes It is at a low risk of spilling the chemicals To prevent this risk, you will need to be aware of people around you and keeping an eye on what you are doing Viewing the reaction It is at a moderate risk you may be injured by the reaction the chemical pose To prevent this risk, make sure you have put in the right amount of chemicals and dont be so close while viewing the reaction After repeating the experiment 3 times the area and equipment used will need to be cleaned and washed It is at a moderate risk spilling the chemicals on yourself will cause burning or irritation to the skin or dropping the test tubes and breaking them To prevent this risk, ware protective gear such as groves, glasses and apron it will protect most of your body at may come in contact with the chemicals Writing your results It is at a low risk the most that can happen is stabbing yourself with a pencil or pen. To prevent this risk, be careful The health effect the chemicals have: Chemical Effects Hydrochloric acid When in contact with skin, your skin will become corrosive, irritant and it will create burns on your skin. Eye contact it will become irritant and corrosive. Sodium thiosulfate Your skin will become irritant. results Experiment 1: Mol Before after reaction 0.2 Clear Change to a creamy white 51sec-6.45min 0.5 Clear Change to a creamy white 48sec-4.54min 1.0 Clear Change to a creamy white 1.10min- 2.28min 1.5 Clear Change to a creamy white 1.20min-2min 2.0 Clear Change to a creamy white 1.15-2min Mol Before after reaction 0.2 Clear change to a creamy white 51sec-6.45min 0.5 Clear Change to a creamy white 33sec-4.53min 1.0 Clear Change to a creamy white 26sec- 2.42min 1.5 Clear Change to a creamy white 18sec-2.25min 2.0 Clear Change to a creamy white 58sec-3.3min Experiment 2: Experiment 3: Mol Before after reaction 0.2 Clear change to a creamy white 41sec-3.15min 0.5 Clear Change to a creamy white 38sec-2.36min 1.0 Clear Change to a creamy white 0.06sec- 1.49min 1.5 Clear Change to a creamy white 45sec -1.27min 2.0 Clear Change to a creamy white 10sec-2.11min Discussion In experiment 1, it started with the clear mixed chemicals all with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid. In the experiment for 0.2M the reaction occurred 51 seconds after combining sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid together and the reaction stopped 6.45 minutes after the combining. The hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 0.5M the reaction occurred 33 seconds after the combining and stopped 4.53 minutes after. 1M was 25 seconds and stopped at 2.42 minutes after, 1.5M was 18 seconds and stopped after 2.25 minutes after and finally 2M the reaction started at 58 seconds after it was combined and it stopped 3.37 minutes after the combining. Although all the concentrations of hydrochloric acid, the clear liquid it once was changed to a creamy white. In experiment 2, it started the same way as experiment 1. Although some of the results were different to experiment 1. O.2M it started at 51 seconds and stopped at 6.45 minutes after, it was the same as in experiment 1. The chemical reaction started at 33 seconds and it stopped 4.53 minutes whereas 1M started at 26 seconds and it stilled at 2.42 minutes after it was added. 1.5M was started at 18 seconds whereas 2M started at 58 seconds but 1.5M stopped at 2.25 minutes and 2M stopped at 3.3minutes. However, all the concentrations in the end change to the same color in experiment 1. Experiment 3, just like all the other experiment it was started the same way with the clear mixed chemicals however, the chemical reaction happened when the sodium thiosulfate was being measured because it was accidently measured in the hydrochloric acid measuring cylinder so that effected the results for this experiment, so it was measured when it got to a darker shade of creamy white. 0.2M was affected 41 seconds after and it stopped 3.15 minutes after. 0.5 changed 38 seconds after and it stopped at 2.36 minutes.   1M was the one that was most effected when measuring the sodium thiosulfate occurred it was recorded in the results that it started at 0.06 seconds and stopped at 1.49 minutes. 1.5M started at 45 seconds and finished 1.27 minutes after finally 2M started at 10 seconds and stopped 2.11 minutes. The Average, when the recording was happening there wasnt someone all the time watching the experiment so it may not be quite accurate. The average for 0.2M was 5.35 minutes, 0.5M was 3.81 minutes, 1M was 4.58 minutes, 1.5M was 4.02 minutes and finally 2M was 2.47 minutes. This average was only recorded by when the chemical changed stopped. The research collected helped understand what was going on with the experiment it was known if it had a low concentration is would go slower and it would go faster if it had a high concentration. The Hypothesis was supported it did get faster and slower with each density of hydrochloric acid. Although it didnt create a solid yellow substance, the experiment only created a liquid substance. This experiment has created a understanding of what would happen if the human digestive fluid has a much higher concentration it would help digest quicker but it would also eat the lining of your stomach. Evaluation This experiment worked well but there were many mistakes that occurred such as the results were not recorded properly because you needed to keep an eye on the experiment at all times to get the most accurate answer. The other mistake was with the measuring cylinders needed to make sure that this experiment used one for sodium thiosulfate and a another for hydrochloric acid otherwise it will be an inaccurate answer because the chemicals will already mix when your measuring how much you will needwith one of the chemicals. To improve this experiment, it would have been better if one person is always watching the tests so this experiment would have made the results more accurate and if the measuring cylinders were easier to tell apart so there was a clear distinction of which on was used for that certain chemical. Conclusion In conclusion, the experiment was used to have a better understanding of chemical reactions depending of the concentration. The collision theory was used to rate the chemical change, hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate make a yellow liquid substance. Concentration is also used every single day without most peoples knowledge. The concentration did effect the reaction rate because it either had a high or low reaction rate. The hypothesis was supported except for the concentration of 2M more information was needed to understand why. Bibliography Chemistry LibreTexts. (2017). Reaction Rate. [online] Available at: https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Kinetics/Reaction_Rates/Reaction_Rate   [Accessed 9 Feb. 2017]. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2017) | chemistry. [online] Available at:   https://www.britannica.com/science/collision-theory-chemistry   [Accessed 5 Mar. 2017]. Mar. 2017]. Studios, A. (2017). Chem4Kids.com: Reactions: Rates of Reactions. [online] Chem4Kids.com. Available at: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_rates.html   [Accessed 5 Mar. 2017]. Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.gov. (2017) | HCI Pubchem. [online] Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/hydrochloric_acid [Accessed 9 Feb. 2017]. Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.gov. (2017). SODIUM THIOSULFATE | Na203S2 Pubchem. [online] https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium_thiosulphate#section=Top [Accessed 5]