The Epic of Gilgamesh is Truly an Epic Essay -- Literary Analysis

An epic is an extensive narrative poem celebrating the feats of a known or traditional adept. There are several main characteristics that make up an epic as a literary genre. First is that, it contains an epic hero, its hero searches for immortality (but doesnt find it physically, only through fame), it delivers an historical message, it is a long poem that tells a story, and the gods or other supernatural beings are interested and involved. The Epic of Gilgamesh is classified advertisement as an epic because it fits all the characteristics of an epic as a literary genre. The first important characteristic of The Epic of Gilgamesh that helps to classify it as an epic is that it includes a hero. Gilgamesh is the storys epic hero. Characteristics that determine an epic hero in the ancient world include strength, beauty, and high social status (Tigay 42). Gilgamesh fits all these descriptions. His slap-up strength was described as that which could be matched by no other. His beauty was so evident that he could have any woman that he wanted. In fact, he slept with all the women in his city. Gilgamesh was also made 2/3 God and 1/3 human. This fact alone raised him up to a god-like social status. He was the king of Uruk because no one could challenge his strength or beauty. Most epic heroes are also widely known and notable which Gilgamesh, being king, obviously was. Aside from his attributes and status, the traditional epic hero must perform heroic feats (Abusch 620). Again, Gilgamesh fits into this category. First, Gilgamesh leads Enkidu on an adventure that will gain further fame for himself and his friend. This was the curriculum to take a journey to the sacred Cedar Tree and kill the Guardian of the Cedar Forest, Humbaba. This is... ..., Ltd., 1999. 21-48. Print.Gilgamesh. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Sarah Lawall. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1984. Print.Greene, Thomas. The Norms of Epic. Comparative Literature 13.3 (1962) 193-207. Web. 22 declension 2010.Kramer, S.N. The Death of Gilgamesh. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (1944) 2-12. Web. 21 downslope 2010.Tigay, Jeffery. The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982. 33-57. Print.Vulpe, Nicola. Irony and the Unity of the Gilgamesh Epic. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 53.4 (1994) 275-283. Web. 22 Dec 2010.West, M.L. The Rise of the Greek Epic. Journal of Hellenic Studies 108. (1988) 151-172. Web. 22 Dec 2010.Wolff, Hope Nash. Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Heroic Life. Journal of the American Oriental Society (1969) 392-398. Web. 21 Dec 2010.

Baltimore Believe Campaign :: essays papers

Baltimore Believe CampaignThe Baltimore Believe Campaign was started in April of 2002. It is a city immense campaign aimed to reduce the amount of drug use in the city. The idea of the Believe campaign has never been tried before. The campaign calls for Baltimore to believe, believe that drugs can be eliminated off of the streets, and drug dealers to be punished. Since the start of the campaign the idea has expanded around the country. Mayor Martin OMalley has spread his idea around.The Believe Campaign surfaced in April of 2002. By April 14, 2002 the Declaration of Independence from Drugs was released in The Sun Newspaper (Wilber, The Sun). The Baltimore Police Foundation funds the campaign. All around the city there are billboards, trashcans, and bumper stickers with the rallying cry BELIEVE on them. The first hearing of the campaign was on April 6th, 2002. In October of 2003 Mayor OMalley when on a trip to London, he was there to establish the Baltimore Believe Campaig n. London was interested in starting a campaign based on the believe campaign. The campaign is an ongoing part of the Baltimore City companys everyday actions. Mayor Martin OMalley put the idea into motion. As said in a letter from Thomas D. Vicino, from the New York Times, Mayor Martin OMalleys efforts should be applauded. He has conquered the first obstacle in fighting urban decay recognition of a problem. Keep on believing, Baltimore, because if we dont, how can anything change? (Vicino, New York Times). thither is really no other way to summarize all of the things Mayor OMalley has done for the campaign. Another important role is the Baltimore Believe Leadership. This group kit and caboodle with the help number, 1-866-BELIEVE, and the campaign by setting up fundraisers and other events. Mayor OMalley and the Baltimore Believe Leadership hold press conferences to inform the people to the highest degree what goes on with the Believe Campaigns progress and areas of conce rn regularly so the community stays informed on the progress. The community is another man-sized role in the campaign. The communities of Baltimore City have taken the campaign in and believe it will have a positive affect on their communities. On April 6th, 2002 Mayor OMalley announced his campaign to clean the streets of Baltimore. The Mayor had acknowledged a huge problem in the city, the drugs on the street were becoming step to the fore of control.

Latino Youth and Politics :: essays research papers fc

We The Americans...               As inhabitants of the United States and the world, we the young Hispanics, latinos, and chicanos of America need to take a stand against those who would shape this country with disregard for our development as an appreciated and respected culture. Our pargonnts have fought their whole lives to give us what we need to survive, but now is our time to fight. purge today, in our nation that is so centre on "equality" there is a silent prejudice that is tearing our country apart at the seams. As a country, we have made great strides toward learning to understand each other, but understanding is not enough. Our president George W. Bush and many others in ability today are only doing what has to be dvirtuoso in order for us to maintain silence and keep working. Now, through education, political activism, youth leadership, and action, we ordain grow as a people.    &nbs pI fully believe that education is the key to the progression of our civil and human rights. Hispanics are a very healthy people, now we must use the opportunities available to us to teach ourselves and our children how to be strong. According to the National Council of La Raza, the leading organization dedicated to the betterment of hispanic lives, "no issue is of greater concern to the latino community than the low educational status of its children." In todays schools, latinos are becoming a large nonage in many schools due to the fact that "more than one third (35.7%) of Hispanics are under 18 years of age"(NCLR 9). Did you know that the "number one candidate to drop out of high school is latina girls"(NCLR 3). These are our mothers and daughters, the ones who teach and care for our children. How can we let our children be raised by uneducated women? Our children are learning in schools that are "overcrowded, underfunded, and ill-prepared to provide rigorous academic instructional and intervention services"(NCLR 9). Since George W. Bush has basically shown in his budget proposal that he is not interested in helping latinos with their education, by this I mean he has not chosen to increase funding of any of the latino focused educational budget items, and he has even chosen to cut the funding of the number one college preparation program for low income areas GEAR-UP by 68 trillion dollars or 1/4 of their budget (White Paper 5).

hamlet :: essays research papers

In the story small town, written by William Shakespcapitulume, the main character small town starts to loose his mind, and goes completely crazy. He starts to go crazy shortly after his forefathers death, because his mother married his uncle the new king of Denmark. And later in the story his girlfriend leaves because she is forced by her father to leave him for the good of her own and her fathers.When his father was putting to deathed no one knew who really killed him, everyone thought that his just died of inbred causes. By soon Hamlets fathers ghost started to appear, some of the night watch men saw him and they thought that it would be a good appraisal to let Hamlet know about it. So later that night Hamlet and the night watch men went out on patrol and thats when Hamlets dads ghost appeared to him. Hamlet followed him into the woods and thats where he spoke to it. The ghost told him the whole story about how his buddy poured poison into his ear and killed him to take over the throne. The ghost asked him to avenge his death. And thats when Hamlet started to go crazy.Hamlet was a bit sadden by his mothers actions, she went make and married her brother in law, which was the Kings brother, only two weeks after his death, and she had already forgotten about her other husband. Hamlet didnt really know what his mother was thinking when she did this. unless after the ghost appeared to him and he knew the truth he thought that his mother might have had something to do with the murder. Soon Hamlet starts to find ways to kill his uncle. One for killing his father, and the other for marrying his mother. Hamlet tries to put get his uncle to confess to the murder by making plays about how his father was killed and then how his mother goes off and marries his brother. He tries to talk to his mother but his mom thinks that he crazy and doesnt really believe him. Then his girlfriend leaves him because she was forced by her father to do so because he didnt want his daughter to be with a mad man, and because it was going to make him look bad. So when she does leave him Hamlet gets heart broken and really goes over the edge.

Matrix Essay -- essays research papers fc

Epistemology is the nature of get it onledge. K presentlyledge is important when considering what is reality and what is deception. The movie The hyaloplasm displays a social deception in which Neo, the main character, is caught between what he thought was once reality and a whole new world that controls every thing he thought was real. If I were Neo, I would not truly be stand for to chouse that I was in the intercellular substance. However, it is rational to believe that I am in the matrix and depart eventually enter back into my reality later. The conclusion that that I can know that I am in the matrix and that I will return to reality comes from the responses of foundationalism, idealism, and pallibalism.To begin, foundationalism is the essence of what we are certain of. many a(prenominal) philosophers argue on the basis of foundationalism to find out where knowledge begins. This will abet determine if Neo would be able to know or not know if he is dreaming up the matri x or in position that it is reality. The popularity of foundationalism starts with Descartes. He challenged the previously popular skepticism. In Descartes Meditations he discusses many issues relating to the distrust of where does knowledge come from? His main arguments appear in his dreaming argument. He setoff begins by stating 1. I often overhear perceptions very much wish the ones I usually have in sensation while I am dreaming. Then he goes on to say 2. There are no definite signs to distinguish dream experience from waking experience. These two premises return to the conclusion that 3. It is practicable that I am dreaming right now and that all my perceptions are false. This shows that there is no real way to know to know anything. Descartes add to his argument using foundationalism. Throughout my writings I have made it clear that my method imitates that of the architect. When an architect wants to build a house which is stalls on ground where there is a sandy topso il over underlying rock, or clay, or some other degraded base, he begins by digging out a set of trenches from which he removes the sand, and anything resting on or mixed in with the sand, so that he can lay his foundations on firm soil. In the same way, I began by taking everything that was doubtful and throwing it out, akin sand ... (Replies 7, AT 7537) (Lex, Newman). This explains how foundationalism works you must remove al... ...notion and the only thing that one can be certain of is them selves.Clearly whence, foundationalism, idealism, and pallibalism all fit together to prove that Neo can not be certain of the matrix, exclusively only himself. Also it further explains how it is rational for him to believe that the matrix exists finished his perception of the matrix and the knowledge he obtains when he is there. The growth of knowledge in Neos mind is possible what is his deception. The much he perceives could possible be more he is deceived. What we know about reality is all in our minds and if we can only be certain of ourselves and our own existence then the reality that we perceive and conceive does exist. So the answer is yes, Neo can know that he is in the matrix, but this does not necessarily mean the matrix exists. As far as Neo knows the matrix does exist and that he will return to what he thought was his reality later, knowing that there is more than just his world.Works CitedNewman, Lex, Descartes Epistemology, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 1999 Edition), Edward N, Zalta (ed.), URL= http//plato.stanford.edu/archives/spring1999/entries/Descartes Matrix establish -- essays research papers fc Epistemology is the nature of knowledge. Knowledge is important when considering what is reality and what is deception. The movie The Matrix displays a social deception in which Neo, the main character, is caught between what he thought was once reality and a whole new world that controls everything he thought was real. If I were Neo, I would not truly be able to know that I was in the matrix. However, it is rational to believe that I am in the matrix and will eventually enter back into my reality later. The proof that that I can know that I am in the matrix and that I will return to reality comes from the responses of foundationalism, idealism, and pallibalism.To begin, foundationalism is the essence of what we are certain of. Many philosophers argue on the basis of foundationalism to find out where knowledge begins. This will help determine if Neo would be able to know or not know if he is dreaming up the matrix or in fact that it is reality. The popularity of foundationalism starts with Descartes. He challenged the previously popular skepticism. In Descartes Meditations he discusses many issues relating to the question of where does knowledge come from? His main arguments appear in his dreaming argument. He first begins by stating 1. I often have perceptions very much like the ones I usual ly have in sensation while I am dreaming. Then he goes on to say 2. There are no definite signs to distinguish dream experience from waking experience. These two premises lead to the conclusion that 3. It is possible that I am dreaming right now and that all my perceptions are false. This shows that there is no real way to know to know anything. Descartes add to his argument using foundationalism. Throughout my writings I have made it clear that my method imitates that of the architect. When an architect wants to build a house which is stable on ground where there is a sandy topsoil over underlying rock, or clay, or some other firm base, he begins by digging out a set of trenches from which he removes the sand, and anything resting on or mixed in with the sand, so that he can lay his foundations on firm soil. In the same way, I began by taking everything that was doubtful and throwing it out, like sand ... (Replies 7, AT 7537) (Lex, Newman). This explains how foundationalism works y ou must remove al... ...notion and the only thing that one can be certain of is them selves.Clearly then, foundationalism, idealism, and pallibalism all fit together to prove that Neo can not be certain of the matrix, but only himself. Also it further explains how it is rational for him to believe that the matrix exists through his perception of the matrix and the knowledge he obtains when he is there. The growth of knowledge in Neos mind is possible what is his deception. The more he perceives could possible be more he is deceived. What we know about reality is all in our minds and if we can only be certain of ourselves and our own existence then the reality that we perceive and conceive does exist. So the answer is yes, Neo can know that he is in the matrix, but this does not necessarily mean the matrix exists. As far as Neo knows the matrix does exist and that he will return to what he thought was his reality later, knowing that there is more than just his world.Works CitedNewma n, Lex, Descartes Epistemology, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 1999 Edition), Edward N, Zalta (ed.), URL= http//plato.stanford.edu/archives/spring1999/entries/Descartes

Matrix Essay -- essays research papers fc

Epistemology is the nature of association. Knowledge is important when considering what is naturalism and what is deception. The movie The Matrix disp laics a social deception in which modern, the main character, is caught amidst what he thought was once worldly concern and a whole peeled world that controls everything he thought was real. If I were Neo, I would not truly be able to know that I was in the ground substance. However, it is rational to believe that I am in the matrix and will eventu exclusivelyy enter back into my naive realism later. The proof that that I can know that I am in the matrix and that I will return to reality comes from the responses of foundationalism, idealism, and pallibalism.To begin, foundationalism is the essence of what we ar accredited of. Many philosophers argue on the basis of foundationalism to find out where knowledge begins. This will help determine if Neo would be able to know or not know if he is ambition up the matrix or in fact that it is reality. The popularity of foundationalism starts with Descartes. He challenged the previously popular skepticism. In Descartes Meditations he discusses numerous issues relating to the question of where does knowledge come from? His main arguments appear in his dreaming argument. He first begins by stating 1. I often have perceptions very frequently like the ones I usually have in sensation charm I am dreaming. Then he goes on to say 2. There are no definite signs to distinguish dream experience from waking experience. These devil premises lead to the conclusion that 3. It is possible that I am dreaming practiced now and that all my perceptions are false. This shows that thither is no real management to know to know anything. Descartes add to his argument using foundationalism. Throughout my writings I have made it clear that my method imitates that of the architect. When an architect wants to build a house which is stable on ground where there is a sandy surface so il over underlying rock, or clay, or some other sign base, he begins by digging out a set of trenches from which he bow outs the sand, and anything resting on or mixed in with the sand, so that he can lay his foundations on firm soil. In the same way, I began by taking everything that was questionable and throwing it out, like sand ... (Replies 7, AT 7537) (Lex, Newman). This explains how foundationalism works you must remove al... ...notion and the only thing that one can be certain of is them selves.Clearly then, foundationalism, idealism, and pallibalism all fit together to prove that Neo can not be certain of the matrix, but only himself. Also it further explains how it is rational for him to believe that the matrix pull throughs through his perception of the matrix and the knowledge he obtains when he is there. The produce of knowledge in Neos mind is possible what is his deception. The more he perceives could possible be more he is deceived. What we know about reality is all in our minds and if we can only be certain of ourselves and our own worldly concern then the reality that we perceive and conceive does exist. So the answer is yes, Neo can know that he is in the matrix, but this does not necessarily conceive the matrix exists. As far as Neo knows the matrix does exist and that he will return to what he thought was his reality later, knowing that there is more than just his world.Works CitedNewman, Lex, Descartes Epistemology, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 1999 Edition), Edward N, Zalta (ed.), URL= http//plato.stanford.edu/ narrative/spring1999/entries/Descartes Matrix Essay -- essays research papers fc Epistemology is the nature of knowledge. Knowledge is important when considering what is reality and what is deception. The movie The Matrix displays a social deception in which Neo, the main character, is caught between what he thought was once reality and a whole new world that controls everything he though t was real. If I were Neo, I would not truly be able to know that I was in the matrix. However, it is rational to believe that I am in the matrix and will eventually enter back into my reality later. The proof that that I can know that I am in the matrix and that I will return to reality comes from the responses of foundationalism, idealism, and pallibalism.To begin, foundationalism is the essence of what we are certain of. Many philosophers argue on the basis of foundationalism to find out where knowledge begins. This will help determine if Neo would be able to know or not know if he is dreaming up the matrix or in fact that it is reality. The popularity of foundationalism starts with Descartes. He challenged the previously popular skepticism. In Descartes Meditations he discusses many issues relating to the question of where does knowledge come from? His main arguments appear in his dreaming argument. He first begins by stating 1. I often have perceptions very much like the ones I usually have in sensation while I am dreaming. Then he goes on to say 2. There are no definite signs to distinguish dream experience from waking experience. These two premises lead to the conclusion that 3. It is possible that I am dreaming right now and that all my perceptions are false. This shows that there is no real way to know to know anything. Descartes add to his argument using foundationalism. Throughout my writings I have made it clear that my method imitates that of the architect. When an architect wants to build a house which is stable on ground where there is a sandy topsoil over underlying rock, or clay, or some other firm base, he begins by digging out a set of trenches from which he removes the sand, and anything resting on or mixed in with the sand, so that he can lay his foundations on firm soil. In the same way, I began by taking everything that was doubtful and throwing it out, like sand ... (Replies 7, AT 7537) (Lex, Newman). This explains how foundationalism w orks you must remove al... ...notion and the only thing that one can be certain of is them selves.Clearly then, foundationalism, idealism, and pallibalism all fit together to prove that Neo can not be certain of the matrix, but only himself. Also it further explains how it is rational for him to believe that the matrix exists through his perception of the matrix and the knowledge he obtains when he is there. The growth of knowledge in Neos mind is possible what is his deception. The more he perceives could possible be more he is deceived. What we know about reality is all in our minds and if we can only be certain of ourselves and our own existence then the reality that we perceive and conceive does exist. So the answer is yes, Neo can know that he is in the matrix, but this does not necessarily mean the matrix exists. As far as Neo knows the matrix does exist and that he will return to what he thought was his reality later, knowing that there is more than just his world.Works Cite dNewman, Lex, Descartes Epistemology, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 1999 Edition), Edward N, Zalta (ed.), URL= http//plato.stanford.edu/archives/spring1999/entries/Descartes

Economics

The most common belief is that Agency Theory is based in the economic model of man (e. G. Brenna , 1994). Jensen and Neckline arguing that the theory is grounded in what they song REAM the cap qualified, Evaluative, Maximizing Model (Jensen , 1994). They argue that the REAM most closely replicates human process and that the economic model of man is a simplified version that does non glitter the spectrum of human behavior. Lets see a table that compargons the two of them with logical order. Comparison of Economic Model of Man and REAMEconomic Model of Man wise Bounded Rational Maximized Maximized based on thorough evaluation Motivated by incentives Actions driven by Incentives Self-Interested Opportunistic with guile Opportunistic if beneficial think o Focus on extrinsic rewards Will substitute goods if beneficial (not driven exclusively by extrinsic rewards) Not other regarding Altruistic if beneficial Resourceful Resourceful innovative when facing constraints and opportunit ies With the under deadlocking that man is self-interested, ever opportunistic and driven by incentives, agency theory addresses the effect of having this man as manager in the modern corporation by providing prescriptions to taming him. Industrial organization economics providing a basic theoretical perspective on the act upon of trade structure on firm strategy and public presentation. There is a range of specific models, major determinants of firm-level profitability include (1) characteristic of the industry in which the firm competes (2) the firms position congress to its competitors and (3) the note or quantity of the firms resources. (1 )landlers variables A long tradition is concerned with identifying properties of industries intriguing to above-average profitability.A large set of variables (growth, facilitation, capital and advertising intensity, etc. ) have performed otherwise in different studies, but the overall enormousness of these factors is beyond dispute (Re verberant, 1983). (2)Variables relating the firm to its competitors Originally perceived as the source Of market post market sh ar and more specifically relative market sh are as viewed for this study serves as a proxy for round firm-specific relative competitive prefer resulting from learning effects and other firm specific assets. (3)Firm variables The typical economic model of firm performance explains from 15 to 40 percent of the variance in profit rates across firms.Apart from random effects, measurement errors, and so forth, unmatchable can suggest at least three explanations for the remaining variance. First, in that respect may be important economic variables, the extent of which cannot be measured (e. G. Assets that are specific to an industry or a trading partner). Second, the true model may be such that intervening economic variables differ from case to case, making aggregate analysis difficult. Third, with very few exceptions organizational factors are not consider ed in this literature. ORGANIZATIONAL fashion model OF FIRM PERFORMANCE Perhaps even more than their economist counterparts, organizational researchers have developed a wide variety of models of performance.As an example managers can influence the behavior of their employees (and thus the performance of the organization) by taking into account factors such as the formal and informal structure, the planning, reward, control and information systems, their skills and personalities, and the relation of these to the environment. But on the other hand we have some questions about firm performance. Can a firm be over-differentiated in one area and under fractionated In another, but on the whole be just about right? In contrast, firm performance is an aggregate phenomenon. Numerous studies have demonstrated how changes in organizational structures, systems and practices have altered climate measures and hence individualist performance .Both organizational structure (span of control, size, levels) and organizational processes (performance reviews, budgeting, collaboration) were more closely associated with climate measures than with performance (both intrinsic and objective) measures, and that organizational climate was directly linked to performance. Other more clinical efforts have shown linkages between managerial practices and attributes or dimensions of organization climate and firm performance . Figure 1 illustrates the assumed causality Of the traditional climate model Of firm performance. This thesis has uncovered a number of interesting points, many of which are perceived to lend themselves to exam aspects for further research.It would be interesting to obtain a more solid picture of our research and wows that research may leave alone an interesting basis for comparison with respect to the impact and consequences of Agency Theory and Firm performance within report governance mechanisms utilized today.EconomicsPolicemen are seen all over the world as peacem akers, who base their actions on Just and sound principles In order to maintain law and order within the country. The practice of law force Is an Integral part of society not only In that It manages to apprehend wrong doers but also act as a disability for the prevention of crimes which could, otherwise disrupt congenital harmony within a society. As such the practice of law have within them, certain(a) forces to aid them in carrying out their duties, which put them above the law. However the question lies in the extent of such a magnate the state should stow upon such an organization.The determination of how practically power to allocate to these constabulary forces rests on the conditions of a country, society and people Involved, as well as whether these powers given would affect collects Individuals. Policemen shoulder responsibility, commodious responsibilities in fact. They are tasked with upholding and protecting the moral appreciates society has put in place. The y should in that respectfore have the right to unlimited power because it allows for them to be able to stand above crime in the country to be able to efficiently put out wrongdoers and their actions.This Is based on the assumption of course that policemen themselves are not corrupt and would not abuse such power given to them. If policemens powers were subject to boundaries and conditions, meaning that they are denied of certain powers and rights that would allow them to swiftly bring Justice to perpetrators wherefore their duties would be severely hindered and crime could end up being a problem in society. One such example would be could be seen in capital of Singapore whereby police officers and Its governmental systems have been known to be one of the least corrupt in the world.In this, the SSP, or otherwise known as the Singapore Alice force hold significant power in society in that they are able to rise above individuals in society to be able to make clear Judgments and arr ests to ensure law is being abided by. Its power can be seen in its ability to conduct arrests of longhairs, gang members etc without having to go through much obstacles such as bureaucracy due to them wielding sufficient powers of their own to decide on choices on the spot so that the problem does not persist. This amount of power awarded to the police force of Singapore allows it to perform Its duties with utmost efficiency.The result, one of the safest countries to live in the world, recording one of the lowest crime rates as compared to Brazil. Seen here, the importance of not holding back power given to the police force ensures a country remains stable to be able to advance economically and socially. However as seen, assumptions In the real world rarely hold. Policemen are humans. And humans are subject to greed that gives rise to corrupt behavior in an attempt to gain more. Therefore policemen should not be given unlimited power because it sometimes interferes with our individ uals intrinsic moral values of bare(a)dom.The very fault in such a society lies in that ordinary citizens have no power against policemen and the law. In what many may argue that In a free world we live in today, we as Individuals have sovereignty and the free will to choose what we want, libertarians as we are governed by the many laws outside of us that do not make us autonomous. Such laws could trample upon our basic rights of freedom. And thus allowing the police, who are part of the law to hold significant, unlimited power would severely undermine our freedom as individuals.Take for example earlier in the year, George Thompson who lives in Boston was arrested by policemen not for off, not for theft, not even for indecency, but for put down a police officer which he deemed to be out of control. Also in the US was a man in Baltimore who was arrested and threatened after police found out he was recording them. The conversation between them read Man I have my rights Police You h ave no rights Man I thought I had freedom of speech here Police You Just lost it As seen the conversation(cut short) between them exemplifies what many would term absurd.Something as harmless as filming in a technologically advanced world we owe live in could cause us to get arrested. Although it could be said that there was a thin line to be drawn between respecting the police officer and the freedom of the man, it can be argued that the arrest of this man from Baltimore was based on no justified grounds. The unlimited powers the policeman had had cost the man his freedom because he, as an ordinary citizen had no choice but to bow down to the orders of the police officer. Hence unlimited powers given to policemen tend to be abused.Instead of trying to police the world, they should in fact be concerned with policing their own organizations instead. Hence their power should be limited. Conditions within society could also mean that unlimited power given to law enforcement agencies wo uld present detriments to the country. Conditions such as social hierarchy that could save be present in third world or ontogenesis nations. These class systems, coupled with unlimited power given to police agencies would pose a huge problem to a country.This is so because policemen as said earlier are ordinary citizens as well, meaning that they are subject to discrimination and biasness towards a certain group. This could mean that rights of the minority could e stripped away because of social hierarchy. India is a good example to showcase this. Lately the country has been subject to cases of botch and murder of women. In this aspect policemen despite wielding significant power, the past 3-4 months have seen numerous cases of Indian women getting raped and afterbirth murdered. With the most recent case citing that 2 girls, fourth-year 14 and 15 were raped and hanged from trees.The two girls who were cousins after being raped were hanged. This incident sparked outrage not only b ecause of the brutality of such an inhumane action but cause police officers and officials refused to castigate into the matter. The creator being, these girls were of a lower caste and therefore it would not be worth their effort and time to hatch deeper into the matter. Further aggravating the matter was comments from the local police officials saying that such rape incidents should be considered as trivial due to the rampancy and frequency of such rape incidents.Condemnation of such a reaction soon broke out and eventually caused the government to step in as police agencies in that region were not up to the task. Such security of people in India born into lower castes would be affected with their interests not being cared for. This goes against the advocating of human rights and basic freedom for all. thus far with the seemingly unlimited power policemen had in India, they were unable to make sound Judgments of the rape case causing many more of such cases to persist.One poss ible reason is, as stated, because of the presence of the class system that is still prevalent in India today. Because of this the only way the issue can be solved would be to cede police officers there lesser power ND to leave it to government intervention where a most Just decision and action can be made. Therefore the police should not have unlimited power in this case as it would snuff it to discrimination and social instability. Lastly, police should not be granted unlimited power because they are not, and should not be seen as guardians or kings of our own moral principles.They should not have the rights to have absolute take and rule over our lives and decisions we make as it is morally unjustified. This argument on freedom dates back to debates amongst philosophers and two main schools of thoughts. Utilitarianism and Libertarianism. In short utilitarianism supporters such as Jeremy Beneath held the view that our individual rights should be forgone for the sake of the grea ter good of society whereas libertarians such as John Locke and Nonionic argued otherwise, that our individual rights should be upheld.In that it states that there should be the existence of a minimalist state with no paternalism and morals legislation which simply means no laws put in place to dictate how people should run their own lives. In the real world this is too extreme for such a notion to thrive in because humans quire uniform guidance as we sometimes stray off the wrong paths. However if we were to go along the lines of a libertarian argument we can see the importance of individual rights and how the law agencies such as the police should not be ultimate rulers of our own moral principles and decisions.Giving police agencies unlimited power would be akin to giving them the rights to impose certain laws on us, some of which would not benefit. Although many who oppose this might say what would happen if there is little or no one to keep tabs on society, wont society go o ut of control with crime rates rising? This would therefore call for limited powers granted to the police, such that they still hold enough power to enforce the law, but not enough power to infringe upon our individual freedom.One way to see it would be how Emmanuel Kant a exponent of libertarianism argues about the importance of championing our intrinsic rights to freedom. He states first of all that We as human beings are rational and worthy of dignity and respect. This bold statement shows that we are capable of sound thinking and hence deserve respect and dignity. Therefore to allow police to be masters over our lives through granting them unlimited power would be first of all, unnecessary and secondly, would mean that our individual rights are ignored.Thus policemen should not have unlimited power because it is not Justified. In conclusion as the summon goes, With great power, comes great responsibility. Certainly the powers bestowed upon police should come with great thought and repercussions that could arise as a result. In this view, I believe that unlimited power should not be granted to police in dealing with social issues such as crime because it would result in the abusing of it that could in turn lead to our individual rights being stripped away.EconomicsInternal growth strategies refer to the growth within the organization by using internal resources. It focuses on developing new products, increasing efficiency, hiring the right people and better marketing. Should voodoo want to expand into Africa to sustain profitability it can use its can consider its internal growth vodoun can now then focus on what it already had this includes the quality it gives to their clients this including its in vogue(p) development of LET which is fourth generation outwork 46.Expansion top the market share, sales revenue and profit of the present product or services. Market penetration Selling existing products to existing markets. To capture the market Voodoo n eeds to focus on its mission statement which is providing its customers with good coverage network which comes in Voodoo is still improving on its network coverage with an investment of R 120 000 000 and a year technological advancement and an additional R 2. Mil for its skills development. In turn Voodoo can prevail its existing customers and at the same time attract more customers that require the best network coverage like LET that was developed by Voodoo before its competitors giving It much more competitive advantage. Market development Extending existing products to a new market. Voodoo alms at reaching new customer segments, wants to Increase sales by capturing new market area.Voodoo is ongoingly the giant mobile providers In South Africa at the moment they are a maturement mobile industry which Is owned by Britain Avoidance, they deciding to attract ore customers outside Brittany and South Africa, would need a market strategy from the marketing research, and the Initial enthronement It needs to Invest this also including the politics of different countries In Africa. Product development Developing new products for existing markets or new markets, making some modifications In the existing product to give value to the customers for their purchase.Voodoo decision to Invest In Its quality of Its network coverage has gave Its brand Image a climb In the market. Voodoo was the first mobile network In south Africa to cover G,G, and Its latest G network which Is LET from Its competitors proving that Its customers will get value for their money. It continues Investment In Its multimillion rand technological development keeps It ahead of Its competitors. Diversification The purpose of delectations Is to allow the follow to enter new lines of business that are different from current operations. There are four types of delectations vertical, horizontal, concentric and conglomerate.Voodoo before its competitors giving it much more competitive advantage. Marke t Extending existing products to a new market. Voodoo aims at reaching new customer segments, wants to increase sales by capturing new market area. Voodoo is currently the giant mobile providers in South Africa at the moment they are a growing mobile industry which is owned by Britain Avoidance, they deciding to attract the marketing research, and the initial investment it needs to invest this also including the politics of different countries in Africa. Product development modifications in the existing product to give value to the customers for their purchase.Voodoo decision to invest in its quality of its network coverage has gave its brand image a boost in the market. Voodoo was the first mobile network in south Africa to cover G,G, and its latest G network which is LET from its competitors proving that its customers will get value for their money. It continues investment in its multimillion rand technological development keeps it ahead of its competitors. The purpose of diversif ication is to allow the company to enter new lines of business that are different from current operations. There are four types of diversification

The Environment In Israels Environmental Sciences Essay

It is in battling air contamination that virtually of the greatest progresss have been made, notably in Haifa where for old ages the existence suffered from the pollution emanations of the local oil refinery and the Israel Electric Company works, non to advert the big composites devoted to chemical production such as Haifa chemics. In Jerusalem, it is non industrial more both(prenominal) over vehicular pollution that is responsible for the debasement of air quality.Nature protection and wildlife management-Israel has a figure of nature and wildlife protection jobs that argon al ace. Because of rigorous runing Torahs and re onlyy active protection of wildlife, Israel has frame a safety for many native animate beings in an country where there is small protection offered. Except for Jordan, none of the environing Arab responsiblenesss have a rightfully effectual nature protection service and many autochthonal animate beings such as gazelles, ibex, hyenas and others are now re ally rare in those enounces. In add-on, Israel is the impermanent residence and therefore de facto defender of more than three- ivthss of Europe s migratory birds, which stop over here on their manner South in the fall and on their return to Europe in the spring.Noise abatement-Israelis, by and big are a noisy batch. Like all Mediterranean tribe they are convinced that if you are non heard you do nt be. Radios and stereos blaring, autos honk endlessly and the transition of address is a rareness.Pesticides-Until June, 2001, there were at least a cardinal pesticides in impost in Israel that are banned in most western states. Since Israel exports a assortment of fruits, veggies and cheeses, efforts are so made to maintain pesticide degrees to a lower limit, since the agriculturists and manufacturers know that nutrient transcending the rigorous European criterions will be returned. Although twain the ministries of wellness and agribusiness are supposed to supervise nutrient quality , both adamantly garbage to let go of their findings to the populace, keeping that this would con ready people. Solid do inRather more than 95 per centum of Israel s solid waste is buried in landfills, destroy in alfresco cavities or left to decompose in refuse mopess throughout the state. This is in contrast with Switzerland that buries merely 12 per centum of its refuse or lacquer that buries 19 per centum. Recycling in Israel is so minimum as to barely merit reference.Surface Water PollutionThe serious nature of the pollution of Israel s rivers was dramatically highlighted four old ages ago when a overcrossing over the Yarkon river collapsed and a group of Australian jocks viing in the Maccabi Games were thrown into the contaminated river below. Several later died, and others were injured, non from the autumn precisely from the insidious harmful condition from exposure to the toxic Waterss of the chemically-polluted river. toxicant WasteToxic waste disposal in Israel has si gnificantly improved over the past few old ages but is still a long manner from satisfactory. But the toxic waste site itself is every bit large a job as the one it was designed to work out. At the same clip, toxic waste from agribusiness and from families and little concerns has barely been addressed.Urban SprawlIn 1948, merely three per cent of the land in the state was under paving or asphalt by 1992 the figure had grown to over 17 per centum. Even this figure does non look big for a province that has known such a drastic addition in population and such rapid development, except when one realizes that 95 per cent of the entire population of Israel lives North of Beersheba. This means that about all of the paved and asphalted land is in less than half the state.Initiative guide onn by Israel authorities for healthy environmentReforestationIsrael is a rambling leader of re-afforestation and nature saving.a? Israel is one of the few states that began the twenty-first century with more trees than it hadat the beginning of the twentieth century.The JNF attentions for 100,000 estates of natural forests.a? Israel has over 150 nature militias and 65 national Parkss established throughoutthe state.Alternate Energy-Israel-based Solel has operated a field of solar panels in California s Mojave Desert sincethe 1980s, shorten downing U.S. dependance on oil by 2 million barrels of oil per twenty-four hours.a? Israeli startup Project cleanse Place is working to make a country-wide electric autosubstructure with the backup of the Israeli cabinet.a? Using bacteriums that eat crude oil, PetroBioClean helps clean up oil spills on land andsea.Battling DesertificationIsrael remains committed to the early Zionist end to do the desert bloom, non merely at place but in tonss of developing states confronting turningdesertification.a? Israel is one of cardinal states in the universe in which comeuppances are shriveling instead thanspread outing.In 2006, Israel hosted the i nternational conference on battling desertification and waspraised by the United Nations for its attempts.a? In 2007, Nigeria and Israel agreed to a $ 17 billion undertaking to change by reversal desertification andconveying 2 million agricultural occupations to the country.DesalinationAcknowledging the limited handiness of H2O resources early in its history, Israelhas focused on going the Silicon Valley of H2O engineering.a? Israel began its desalinization attempts in the sixtiess with the innovation of desalinization viavacuity freeze.a? In 2010, Israel launched its 3rd desalinization works in Hadera. It is the largest of its sort inthe universe.Water ConservationFrom the 1959 Water Law ( which made all H2O customary belongings ) to the popularmotto Do nt Waste a Drop, Israel has been a leader in H2O preservation.a? Israel treats 92 per centum of its effluent and reuses 75 per centum in agribusiness, the highestrate in the universe.Through the impost of advanced irrigation t echniques, Israeli farms have increased H2Oefficiency from 64 per centum to 90 per centum, compared to traditionalistic furrow irrigation.a? JNF has begun six preservation undertakings, which will use of course happening wetlands topurify effluent, without added chemicals or the demand for increased energy.Agricultural DevelopmentIn the tradition of the early Zionist innovators, Judaic husbandmans continue to utilize amixture of difficult work and invention to do Israel a land of milk and honey. a? Israeli union Bio-Bee Biological Systems uses insects like humblebees and fruit flies toadvance cross-pollination and control plagues in an environmentally friendly manner.a? Israel is optimising growing government variables such as circumpolar radiation, temperature, humidness,irrigation, and nutrition to cut costs and increase harvest efficiencyenvironmental regulations and ordinancesthere are several regulations and ordinances formed by the ministry of environment protection of Isr ael which are as under. melody quality- good luck of Nuisances Law, 1961Suspension of Nuisances Regulations ( air out Quality ) , 1992Nuisance Abatement Regulations ( Air Pollution from Vehicles on the Road ) , 2001Condemnable Procedure Order ( Finable Offenses Air Pollution from Vehicles on the Road ) , 2001Extra Nuisance Abatement Regulations Hazardous Substances RegulationsHazardous Substances Regulations ( Implementation of Provisions of the Montreal communications protocol ) , ( Amendment ) 2009Clean Air Regulations ( Disclosure of Air Pollution Data from a Motor Vehicle in an Ad ) , 2009Clean Air Regulations ( Emission Permits ) , 2010Environmental PlanningPlaning and Building Law, 1965Planing and Building Regulations ( Environmental Impact Assessments ) , 2003Licensing of Businesses Law, 1968 liberty of Information Law, 1998Representation of Environmental Public Bodies Law ( Legislative Amendments ) , 2002Environmental apology Law ( Polluter Pays ) ( Legislative Amendments ) , 2008Local Authorities Law ( Environmental Enforcement Governments of Inspectors ) , 2008Freedom of Information Regulations ( Public Access to Environmental Information ) , 2009Hazardous SubstancesPlant egis Law, 1956Work Safety Regulations ( Workers with Pesticides ) , 1964Licensing of Businesses Regulations ( Disposal of Hazardous Wastes ) , 1990Hazardous Substances Law, 1993Licensing of Businesses Regulations ( Hazardous Industrial Plants ) , 1993Suspension of Nuisances Regulations ( Used embrocate ) , 1993Hazardous Substances Regulations ( result and Export of Hazardous Wastes ) , 1994Hazardous Substances Regulations ( Registration of Formulations for the Control of Pests Harmful to Man ) , 1994Plant Protection Regulations ( Regulation of the Import and Sale of Chemical Preparations ) , 1994Hazardous Substances Regulations ( miscellany and Exemption ) , 1996Public Health Regulations ( Waste Treatment in Medical Institutions ) , 1997Safety at Work Regulations ( sensible Safety Data Sheets ) , 1998Railways Regulations ( Hazardous Substances Transport ) , 1999Hazardous Substances Regulations ( Disposal of Radioactive Waste ) , 2002Hazardous Substances Regulations ( Criteria for Determining Validity Periods for Poisons Permits ) , 2003Hazardous Substances Regulations ( Implementation of Provisions of the Montreal Protocol ) , ( Amendment ) 2009Prevention of Sea Water Pollution by Oil Ordinance ( New Version ) , 1980Prevention of Sea Water Pollution by Oil Regulations ( Marine Environment Protection Fee ) , 1983Prevention of Sea Pollution ( Dumping of Waste ) Law, 1983 TranslationPrevention of Sea Pollution ( Dumping of Waste ) Regulations, 1984Prevention of Sea Pollution from Land-Based Beginnings Law, 1988Prevention of Sea Pollution from Land-Based Beginnings Regulations, 1990Protection of the Coastal Environment Law, 2004SUMMARY OF ISRAELS chemicalIntroductionThe chemical industry plays an of import portion in Israel s economic development, consis ting some 20 % of GDP by industry and a turning portion of the state s exports ( from 11.1 % in 2000 to 22.1 % in 2008 ) .Safe usage and ordinance of chemicals is an indispensable constituent of Israel s environmental policy. The chief models for chemical billing in Israel are the Licensing of Businesses Law, 1968 and the Hazardous Substances Law, 1993. Enforcement includes supervising on the gross revenues and eruditeness of chemicals and supervising on the import of chemicals ( by Israeli Customs ) .Appraisal of Chemical RisksMechanisms for systematic rating, categorization, and labeling of chemicals, including enterprises towards a consonant system of categorization and labeling of chemicalsAt present, the bing models for industrial chemical direction in Israel modulate the user of chemicals by agencies of rigorous steps for cradle to sculpt supervising of the production, import, storage, storage, processes, wastes and conveyance of chemicals.Following is a short outline of t he mechanisms presently in usage in IsraelHazardous Materials Permit Under the Hazardous Substances Law ( 1993 ) , a Hazardous Materials Permit is mandatory for the holder of any chemical, whether the substance is in its simple signifier, assorted, or blended. A license is merely given(p) if the functionary appointed by the Minister of Environmental Protection is satisfied with the applier s acquaintance with the characteristics of the unsettled substances in his ownership and with their safety demands.Israeli Standard for Labeling and Marking of Dangerous Substantives Israel Standard ( IS ) 2302 on Classification, Packaging, Labeling and Marking Dangerous Substances and Preparations ( revised in 2009 ) presents a compulsory consonant system that regulates the labeling of chemicals ( partially correlating to the EEC Dangerous Substances Directive ) . IS 2302 specifies labeling demands for chemicals in-house, during conveyance from installation to installation within the same compo und, and during the conveyance of unguaranteed substances by route or rail.Labeling of transported chemicals Regulation of the conveyance of dotty substances rests with the Ministry of Transport. The ministry imposes specific demands for wadding, labeling and vehicle marker. The Transport Services Law of 1997 and its 2001 ordinances regulate the transit of unsafe substances and in general correspond to the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations ( The Orange Book ) . All transported risky substances are marked harmonizing to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals ( GHS ) and include information on the maker or importer of the substance, warning Markss, exigency codifications, action to be taken, UN figure, and telephone figure of an information centre.Information and Response nub for Hazardous Substances The Information and Response Center collects quantitative and qualitative information on risky substances that are used, produced, imported, exported, transported and disposed of in Israel. Data relate to measures, types, features and concentrations of substances found in all sectors and at all degrees, including industry and establishments on the local, regional and national degrees. In add-on, the Center maintains informations on safety, sensing, designation, intervention, and neutralisation processs for chemical accidents.Enterprises for appraisal of toxic chemicals, jeopardy and hazard appraisalPresently, registration and licensing of chemicals is carried out on pesticides, pharmaceuticals, decorative readyings and nutrient additives.Pesticides used for agricultural and public wellness intents constitute a important per centum of all chemicals in Israel. The usage of these pesticides is carefully supervised to guarantee environmental wellness and safety. The Ministry of Agriculture s Plant Protection and Inspection Service is in devolve on of the enrollment and ordinance of pestic ides for works protection representing most of the pesticides used in Israel.Registration of Pesticides for Agricultural UseThe pesticide enrollment procedure begins with proving and probe over a period of two old ages, following probationary blessing for limited usage. For the intent of enrollment, the Pesticides Division of the Plant Protection and Inspection Services has established standards for subjecting toxicology file to the interministerial commission for coordination of pesticide usage.Registration of Pesticides for the Protection of Public HealthThe enrollment procedure for pesticides for public wellness intents is separate from that for agricultural usage. Israel s ordinances, approved in 1994, comply with rigorous international criterions and require applications for the enrollment of a new molecule, new preparation, reclamation and alteration of name/label/packaging, etc.Registration of PharmaceuticalsThe Pharmaceutical Administration of the Ministry of Health is resp onsible, inter alia, for the enrollment of drugs. Each application is attach to by elaborate certification that relates to the consequences of a broad array of clinical and other experiments. Registration is merely granted following thorough reappraisal of these paperss every bit good as the reception of a certification of quality from the Institute for the Standardization and Control of Pharmaceuticals.Engagement in assorted international and regional enterprisesThe kingdom of Israel has signed and/or sanctioned several international pacts on the usage of chemical substancesi The Stockholm principle on Persistent Organic Pollutants ( POPs ) The Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides ( PIC ) The Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous WasteVienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer and Montreal Protocol on Materials that Deplete the Ozone LayerStrategic Approach to International Chemical Mana gement ( SAICM ) Recommendations on Guideline Values for Chemical Pollutants in the AirA study entitled Ambient Guideline Values for Chemical Pollutants in the Air was published in March 2006, with guideline values for one hundred ten chemical pollutants in the air which are considered harmful to human wellness.The Ministry of Environmental Protection has adopted these guideline values and uses them as indispensable tools in role devising processes on the followersApproval and licensing of new installations in industry or enlargement and alterations to bing installations Reviews of wellness hazards to the population in instance of exposure to a given pollutant andAppraisal of the necessity to cut down pollutant emanations from different beginnings if pollutant concentrations in the air exceed guideline values.Protecting Public HealthThe Ministry of Health is responsible for protecting public wellness including, inter alia, supervising of imbibing H2O quality and ordinance of che mical, pesticide and weedkillers residues and endocrines in nutrient.Additionally, the Ministry of Health, in cooperation with the Ministry of Environmental Protection, coordinates many epidemiological studies. Following are some illustrationsCancer, decease, kids s illnesss and hospitalization were studied between 1990 and 1999 in the Hadera country, near a coal power station Prevalence of malignant neoplastic disease, lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases and take a breathing jobs were studied in the Haifa country where the crude oil industry is concentrated, during 1995-2004 A few studies were conducted in the Tel Aviv metropolitan country sing the similitude between air pollution and many symptoms. One was carried out in coaction with the US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) Sound Management of Toxic ChemicalsAdvancement within the larger model of Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management ( SAICM )Israel endorses the Strategic Approach to International Che micals Management ( SAICM ) , took portion in the Dubai declaration and nominal a focal point for SAICM.Relevant authorities bureaus work harmonizing to the SAICM when explicating their work programs and regulatory instruments in order to accomplish hazard decrease, administration, answerability and duty.Enterprises and inventions for hazard decrease, strangely taking in to account the life rhythm of the chemicalsIsrael has a broad organic structure of statute law and plans aimed at the decrease of hazards from bing chemicals, such as workers wellness and safety commissariats demands for Material Safety Data Sheets ( MSDS ) official criterions on the categorization, labelling, packaging and selling of industrial chemicals footings and conditions in Hazardous Materials Licenses, studies and monitoring plans. Furthermore, the Ministry of Environmental Protection on a regular basis reviews information about chemicals that may present wellness and environmental hazards.Pesticides and BiocidesThe usage of pesticides for agricultural or public wellness intents is carefully supervised to guarantee environmental wellness and safety. In 1997 a alteration of all registered pesticides and biocides was initiated, ensuing in the prohibition of 11 active ingredients. tenseness was given to curtailing or censoring chemicals that were antecedently authorized for usage. Specifically, chemicals with long DTs ( clip required for 50 % of the initial sedimentation to disperse ) are non granted a gross revenues licence.The undermentioned stuffs were banned or badly restricted after 1997Sodium ArsenitePentachlorophenol2,4,5-TPMonocrothophosEthyl ParathionChlorphenapyrAldicarbHexasuronDinitro-o-cresolMethoxyethylmercuric chlorideEthylmercuric chloridePolicies and models for bar of accidents, readiness and responseIn instance of accidents affecting risky substances, an incorporate exigency response system is imperative. To this terminal, Israel has developed a national exigency eventuality program for incorporate exigency response in risky substance accidents.Duties of the Chemical IndustryThe program imposes first duty for intervention of a chemical accident on the industrial works itself. Israel s industries are required to take all necessary stairss to forestall accidents, to fix exigency processs, to develop staff, and to fix suited equipment and safety cogwheel. In line with these demands, the Manufacturers Association of Israel has prepared a comprehensive study on possible agencies of covering with chemical accidents that occur during the conveyance of risky substances.Enterprises to cut down overdependence on the usage of agricultural chemicalsDecrease of pesticide usage is an of import end which aims to cut down environmental exposure to these stuffs. Pesticide ordinances are meant to forestall possibleharm from uncontrolled exposure to pesticides. National Maximum oddment Limits have been established for all pesticides in Israel that are based, whenever appropriate, on the Codex Alimentarius Limits.In Israel, several undertakings have been initiated to advance incorporate pest direction. They include, among others, usage of cover song harvests to protect the dirt surface, insect-proof cyberspaces, insect traps, and natural enemies.

Battle of Marathon

The date of Marathon is iodine of historys nigh famous military engage handsts. It is also one of the early recorded participations. Their victory over the Iranian invaders gave the fledgling com/world-history-unit-3/classic city states confidence in their ability to defend themselves and belief in their continued existence. The fighting is thusly considered a defining moment in the development of European culture. In kinsfolk of 490 BC a Persian armada of 600 ships disgorged an invasion force of approximately 20,000 groundwork and cavalry on Greek soil just north of capital of Greece.Their delegation was to tweet the Greek states in retaliation for their support of their Ionian cousins who had revolted against Persian rule. resolute by the numerical superiority of the invaders, capital of Greece mobilized 10,000 hoplite warriors to defend their territory. The dickens armies met on the perspicuous of Marathon twenty-six miles north of Athens. The flat battlefield surrou nded by hills and sea was ideal for the Persian cavalry. Surveying the advantage that the terrain and size of their force gave to the Persians, the Greek generals hesitated.One of the Greek generals Miltiades made a passionate plea for boldness and win over his fellow generals to beset the Persians. Miltiades ordered the Greek hoplites to form a decipher able in length to that of the Persians. Then in an act that his opponent believed to be complete madness he ordered his Greek warriors to aggress the Persian line at a dead bombardment. In the ensuing melee, the middle of the Greek line weakened and gave way, but the flanks were able to engulf and slaughter the trapped Persians. An estimated 6,400 Persians were slaughtered while simply 192 Greeks were killed.The remaining Persians escaped on their ships and made an attempt to attack what they thought was an undefended Athens. However, the Greek warriors made a forced march spine to Athens and begetd in time to thwart the Persians. With you it rests, Callimachus Indecision before battle Known as the Father of History, Herodotus wrote his description of the battle a a few(prenominal) years afterwards it occurred. We join his account as the Athenians arrive at the battleground and be joined by a force of approximately atomic number 19 of their Plataean allies.The Greek military leaders split on whether they should immediately attack the invaders or wait for reinforcements ADVERTISMENT The Athenians were drawn up in order of battle in a sacred close belonging to Heracles, when they were joined by the Plataeans, who came in full force to their aid. The Athenian generals were divided in their opinions. Some advised non to risk a battle, because they were too few to engage such a host as that of the Persians. Others were for fighting at once. Among these last was Miltiades.He therefore, absorbing that opinions were thus divided, and that the slight worthy counsel appeared likely to prevail, res olved to go to the polemarch an honored very important person of Athens, and hold up a conference with him. For the man on whom the lot fell to be polemarch at Athens was entitled to give his vote with the ten generals, since anciently the Athenians allowed him an equal right of voting with them. The polemarch at this juncture was Callimachus of Aphidnre to him therefore Miltiades went, and saidWith you it rests, Callimachus, either to bring Athens to slavery, or, by securing her bountifuldom, to be remembered by all next generations. For never since the time that the Athenians became a people were they in so great a danger as now. If they bow their necks beneath the yoke of the Persians, the woes which they will assume to suffer are al define determined. If, on the other hand, they fight and overcome, Athens may rise to be the very world-class city in Greece. We generals are ten in number, and our votes are divided one-half of us wish to engage, half to avoid a combat.Now, if we do non fight, I look to see a great disturbance at Athens which will shake mens resolutions, and then I fear they will submit themselves. But, if we fight the battle before any unsoundness shows itself among our citizens, we are well able to overcome the competitor. On you therefore we depend in this matter, which lies wholly in your own power. You restrain only to add your vote to my side and your country will be free and non free only, but the first state in Greece.Or, if you opt to give your vote to them who would decline the combat, then the reverse will follow. Miltiades by these lyric gained Callimachus and the gain of the polemarchs vote caused the decision to be in favor of fighting. The combat Begins Miltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian ground forces. Then, much(prenominal) to the surprise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the opposite ness line. The Athenians aerated the barbarians at a run.Now the distance between the two armies was little short of viii furlongs approximately a mile The Persians, therefore, when they saw the Greeks coming on at speed, made pay off to receive them, although it seemed to them that the Athenians were bereft of their senses, and bent upon their own destruction for they saw a immaculate handful of men coming on at a run without either horsemen or archers. Such was the opinion of the barbarians but the Athenians in close roam fell upon them, and fought in a manner worthy of being recorded.They were the first of the Greeks, so far as I know, who introduced the custom of charging the enemy at a run, and they were likewise the first who dared to look upon the Persian garb, and to face men habilitate in that fashion. Until this time the very name of the Persians had been a terror to the Greeks to hear. The two armies fought in concert on the plain of Marathon for a length of time and in the mid-battle the barbarians were victorious, and broke and pursued the Greeks into the inner country but on the two move the Athenians andthe Plataeans defeated the enemy .Having so done, they suffered the routed barbarians to fly at their ease, and joining the two wings in one, fell upon those who had broken their own center, and fought and conquered them. These likewise fled, and now the Athenians hung upon the runaways and bring down them down, chasing them all the way to the shore, on reaching which they laid hold of the ships and called loud for fire. The Persians Attack AthensMiltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian legions. Then, much to the surprise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the enemy line. the Athenians secured in this way seven of the vessels while with the remainder the barbarians pushed off, and taking aboard their Eretrian prisoners from the island where they had leftfield them, doubled Cape Sunium, hoping to reach Athens before the re maneuver of the Athenians.The Persians because sailed round Sunium. But the Athenians with all possible speed marched away to the defense of their city, and succeeded in reaching Athens before the appearance of the barbarians The barbarian fleet arrived, and direct to off Phalerum, which was at that time the haven of Athens but after resting for a while upon their oars, they departed and sailed away to Asia. Battle of MarathonThe battle of Marathon is one of historys most famous military engagements. It is also one of the earliest recorded battles. Their victory over the Persian invaders gave the fledgling Greek city states confidence in their ability to defend themselves and belief in their continued existence. The battle is therefore considered a defining moment in the development of European culture. In September of 490 BC a Persian armada of 600 ships disgorged an invasion for ce of approximately 20,000 infantry and cavalry on Greek soil just north of Athens.Their mission was to crush the Greek states in retaliation for their support of their Ionian cousins who had revolted against Persian rule. Undaunted by the numerical superiority of the invaders, Athens mobilized 10,000 hoplite warriors to defend their territory. The two armies met on the Plain of Marathon twenty-six miles north of Athens. The flat battlefield surrounded by hills and sea was ideal for the Persian cavalry. Surveying the advantage that the terrain and size of their force gave to the Persians, the Greek generals hesitated.One of the Greek generals Miltiades made a passionate plea for boldness and convinced his fellow generals to attack the Persians. Miltiades ordered the Greek hoplites to form a line equal in length to that of the Persians. Then in an act that his enemy believed to be complete madness he ordered his Greek warriors to attack the Persian line at a dead run. In the ensu ing melee, the middle of the Greek line weakened and gave way, but the flanks were able to engulf and slaughter the trapped Persians. An estimated 6,400 Persians were slaughtered while only 192 Greeks were killed.The remaining Persians escaped on their ships and made an attempt to attack what they thought was an undefended Athens. However, the Greek warriors made a forced march back to Athens and arrived in time to thwart the Persians. With you it rests, Callimachus Indecision before battle Known as the Father of History, Herodotus wrote his description of the battle a few years after it occurred. We join his account as the Athenians arrive at the battleground and are joined by a force of approximately 1000 of their Plataean allies.The Greek military leaders split on whether they should immediately attack the invaders or wait for reinforcements ADVERTISMENT The Athenians were drawn up in order of battle in a sacred close belonging to Heracles, when they were joined by the Plataeans , who came in full force to their aid. The Athenian generals were divided in their opinions. Some advised not to risk a battle, because they were too few to engage such a host as that of the Persians. Others were for fighting at once. Among these last was Miltiades.He therefore, seeing that opinions were thus divided, and that the less worthy counsel appeared likely to prevail, resolved to go to the polemarch an honored dignitary of Athens, and have a conference with him. For the man on whom the lot fell to be polemarch at Athens was entitled to give his vote with the ten generals, since anciently the Athenians allowed him an equal right of voting with them. The polemarch at this juncture was Callimachus of Aphidnre to him therefore Miltiades went, and saidWith you it rests, Callimachus, either to bring Athens to slavery, or, by securing her freedom, to be remembered by all future generations. For never since the time that the Athenians became a people were they in so great a danger as now. If they bow their necks beneath the yoke of the Persians, the woes which they will have to suffer are already determined. If, on the other hand, they fight and overcome, Athens may rise to be the very first city in Greece. We generals are ten in number, and our votes are divided half of us wish to engage, half to avoid a combat.Now, if we do not fight, I look to see a great disturbance at Athens which will shake mens resolutions, and then I fear they will submit themselves. But, if we fight the battle before any unsoundness shows itself among our citizens, we are well able to overcome the enemy. On you therefore we depend in this matter, which lies wholly in your own power. You have only to add your vote to my side and your country will be free and not free only, but the first state in Greece.Or, if you prefer to give your vote to them who would decline the combat, then the reverse will follow. Miltiades by these words gained Callimachus and the addition of the polemarc hs vote caused the decision to be in favor of fighting. The Battle Begins Miltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian army. Then, much to the surprise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the enemy line. The Athenians charged the barbarians at a run.Now the distance between the two armies was little short of eight furlongs approximately a mile The Persians, therefore, when they saw the Greeks coming on at speed, made ready to receive them, although it seemed to them that the Athenians were bereft of their senses, and bent upon their own destruction for they saw a mere handful of men coming on at a run without either horsemen or archers. Such was the opinion of the barbarians but the Athenians in close array fell upon them, and fought in a manner worthy of being recorded.They were the first of the Greeks, so far as I know, who introduced the custom of charging the enemy at a r un, and they were likewise the first who dared to look upon the Persian garb, and to face men clad in that fashion. Until this time the very name of the Persians had been a terror to the Greeks to hear. The two armies fought together on the plain of Marathon for a length of time and in the mid-battle the barbarians were victorious, and broke and pursued the Greeks into the inner country but on the two wings the Athenians andthe Plataeans defeated the enemy . Having so done, they suffered the routed barbarians to fly at their ease, and joining the two wings in one, fell upon those who had broken their own center, and fought and conquered them. These likewise fled, and now the Athenians hung upon the runaways and cut them down, chasing them all the way to the shore, on reaching which they laid hold of the ships and called aloud for fire. The Persians Attack AthensMiltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian arm y. Then, much to the surprise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the enemy line. the Athenians secured in this way seven of the vessels while with the remainder the barbarians pushed off, and taking aboard their Eretrian prisoners from the island where they had left them, doubled Cape Sunium, hoping to reach Athens before the return of the Athenians.The Persians fitly sailed round Sunium. But the Athenians with all possible speed marched away to the defense of their city, and succeeded in reaching Athens before the appearance of the barbarians The barbarian fleet arrived, and lay to off Phalerum, which was at that time the haven of Athens but after resting awhile upon their oars, they departed and sailed away to Asia. References Herodotuss account appears in Davis, William Sterns, Readings in Ancient History (1912) Creasy, Edward, The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World (1969).Battle of MarathonDespite of the disadvantaged conditions of Atheni ans, according to the records of Herodotus, their victory was still achieved through well-planned military strategy by the leading of Miltiades, and by taking advantage over the terrain and weather during war. Introduction From the very swallow of the war preparation, the smile of victory was not even a glimpse clear to Athenians.The Athenians learned the Persian army were soon sailing from Eretria to Marathon, and with this knowledge, they commenced their preparation for battle (6. 1023).The Athenians were completely beginning their combat in a disadvantaged state. During their preparation, external and cozy conflicts occurred that held them unable to form alliance with other Greek nations. From Herodotus accounts, the internal problems occurred primarily due to the division in the ten Athenian generals (6. 109).They were arguing the most convenient military strategy, but the military had doubts as to whether they should give bank against the enemy outside the city or else allow the situation to lead out a siege (Grote 2001 304).By quantity, the records of Persians and Sacaes army surpassed the union of Athenians and Plataeans (6. 113).Therefore, the triumph of Persians was initially more liable due to their immense battling power and the disadvantaged condition of Athens. Discussion Disadvantages of Athens Over Persians During the Battle With the historical accounts on Athenian versus Persians military, Athens suffered the most in legal injury of military quantity and conflicting military strategy. The Persian army came across the Aegean Sea on a pear-shaped fleet. Their fleets first activity destroyed the small city of Eretria on Euboea, and then crossed over to Attica.Considering this illustration, the Athenians were vastly outnumbered by the Persian fleets. The only military advantage of Athenians was to meet the Persian army in land (Dandamaev 1989 178). However, even by land, the Athenians were in a difficult position and they initially had no reas on to hope for assistance outside their realm. An estimate of the Persian army in 490 B. C. at about 4,000 to 6,000 warriors, including 500 to 800 mounted men- overpowered Athenians fleet. Meanwhile, as with the Greeks, there were large numbers of unarmored men but still smaller in quantity compared with the Persians.In addition to this, the abutting districts, such as Bocotia, could have posed as Greek allies, but turned against them by openly welcoming the advent of the Persians (Creasy 1863 50 Grote 2001 304). Fortunately, the Athenians were able to find alliance with the Plataeans to combat the Persians (6. 111).In terms of internal problems of Athens, semipolitical disagreements were occurring during the time of their war preparation, which gravely placed Athens in a disadvantage position over the Persians. The last tyrant of Athens who was deprived of his power and exiled from Athens was Hippias. However, He was given a position by the Persians as governor of the town of Sig eum on the Hellespont in order to expand the illusion of their political generosity to Greeks (Creasy 1863 52).The political strife continued between the aristocrats and the democratic party. In particular, there was the noble family of the Alcmeonids (who had been deprived of their power by their political opponent Miltiades) united itself with the adherents of Hippias and hoped to return Hippias power with their political strife. Some of the Athenians were prepared to help the Persian and without publicly acclaiming so, hoped for their victory. Now, at an advanced age, he returned with the Persian army to Attica where his secret adherents awaited him (Grote 2001 305).Many Greek Elites were opposed to the risky war with the Persians, since the defeat from war would lose their riches and influence (Dandamaev 1989 177).Some were tempted to surrender the city to the Persian and to blast all possible advantage from this voluntary submission. The Strategies of War by Persians Under th e guidance of Hippias, the former ruler of Athens, the Persians chose the plain of Marathon for their debarkation area (Creasy 1863 53).The mission of the Persian commanders Datis and Artaphernes were the first to debark the army at some point on the Athenian coast, and then to attack and conquer the city of Athens itself. Arguing, if an Athenian army should appear in the open countryside, then it would first had to be defeated and driven back (Grote 2001 304).Unfortunately, the Athenians were unable to determine the landing point of the Persians. It was at a distance of about nineteen miles from Athens and their landing point was unguarded by Athens. As for these statements, the Athenians were completely disadvantaged in their positions of war towards the Persians.However, the furrow still lies on how Athenians were able to combat the Persians and attain victor. When the Persian army disembarked at Marathon, there was considerable disagreement in the Athenian assembly concerning t he tactical maneuver for the impending battle with the Persians. Miltiades, the leader of the conservative farmers who was once Athenian strategoi (the highest military commanders), feared betrayal from the side of the pro-Persian faction and therefore insisted on an immediate advance upon the Persians (Dandamaev 1989 179).In addition from Herodotus accounts, the ten military generals of Athens were divided with the opinions on how to strategize the war (6. 109).Athenians were confronted with political division, military disorganized tactics, and an army with mostly unarmored peasants. The Acts of Miltiades and the Turn to Athenian captain From the discussed portions of this study depicting the weakness of Athens both externally and internally, their side was still able to triumph the war. From the accounts of historian Gillis, the Athenian army consisted of about 10,000 men who marched to the plain of Marathon.There were also approximately 1,000 men from the allied Boeotian town of Plataea, located at the border of Attica (44). The Athenians did not expect help from the other Greeks because the neighboring Greeks were already indifferent towards the fate of Athens, which had the impudence to wage war against the Great Kin. Moreover, other neighboring Greeks considered the alliance to Persian army against Athens, such as the neighboring island of Aegina, which for long had been a rival of Athens.Athens was condemned in loosing the battle unless formations of ally were to be made. Fortunately, it was Miltiades, who resolved the issues of alliance, with his agreement with Callimachus (Herodotus, 6. 110).In addition, Miltiades resolved the conflict of the ten generals rendering their internal military forces unified. At the same time, from the accounts of Gillis, the famous runner Pheidippides was sent to Sparta in order to present the Athenian request for help (44).The Spartans promised assistance but they did not hasten to send out their soldiers as there was an old belief that it was impossible to start a campaign before a full idle (MacGregor 2005 194). Sparta was afraid that the Persians, after conquering Attica, would advance towards the Peloponnesus and set up a naval blockade of the peninsula (Gillis 1831 44).Many from the Athenian Elites and civilians were opposed to immediate action of war however, Miltiades and his adherents in conclusion managed to persuade the Athenians to attack and defeat the Persians. It should be noted that the Persian army was encamped in the open plain where it was possible for them to deploy their cavalry. The Athenians, who were without cavalry, had assembled in a finalise part of the plain.The terrain was an advantage for Athenians as it offered no advantages to the Persian horsemen. In the meantime, the situation of the Persian army had deteriorated, and the Persian commander Datis, awaiting in vain some distinguish from his friends in Athens, was forced to rake a decision as to the necessary co urse of action (Gillis 1831 44).He apparently knew about the Spartan decision to march towards Attica after the next full moon, and wanted to decide the war before their arrival (Mure 1853 130).At the same time, he was unable to move his army towards the defile where the Athenians were entrenched. Datis attentively followed events at Athens, whence he expected the signal (a shield lifted up above the city walls) that would indicate the city had come under the control of the adherents of the dethroned tyrant, Hippias (Mure 1853 132).In Athens, the supporters of the Persians were ready to act, but they could not decide on whether to take the risk or not. Thus, in their turn, they waited for the Persian army to defeat the Athenians (Gillis 1831 45). The battle commenced on the morning of the twelfth of August, 490 B. C. (for the chronology, see Burn 1970257). The Athenians quickly lined up, left their defensive position in the narrows and in a quick march descended down the defile to t he enemy (Mure 1853 132).The front line of the Athenians was as wide as that of the Persians, although in the centre the Athenian ranks were not as deep. The disposition of both armies was in accordance with the traditions of both sides the Persians positioned the best parade in the centre, while the Greeks usually attempted at all cost to fight a victory on the flanks and subsequently to turn upon the centre of the enemy ranks. When full moon had come, Sparta sent 2,000 soldiers to the assistance of the Athenians. However, Spartan force arrived when the battle had already been decided. The Spartans looked with interest at the corpses of the fallen Persians, as most of them had never seen Persians before (Mure 1853 132).The victory at Marathon was the first success of the Greeks in the wars with the Persians who had previously seemed invincible (MacGregor 2005 194).ConclusionThe defeat of the Persians was caused by a combination of factors. First, although their army to a certain d egree surpassed in number that of the Athenians, only part of the Persian troops could take part in the battle, while the cavalry could not join in at all and had to remain idle. Second, the Persians were campaigning in an unknown country and had been forced to make a long journey to arrive at Marathon.Third, the heavily armed Greek foot soldiers, the hoplites, were protected by iron armour, and as a result, the lightly armed Persian elite troops could not breach their ranks. Fourth and of considerable significance, is the fact that the Athenian army was commanded by the talented general Miltiades, who was well acquainted with Persian military tactics.Works CitedPrimary Resources Rawlinson, George, and Herodotus. The Persian Wars by Herodotus Book 6 ERATO. 1942.Secondary Resources Creasy, Edward S. The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, from Marathon to Waterloo. Harper, 1863.Dandamaev, D A. A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. BRILL, 1989.George, Grote S. A History of Greece From the Time of Solon to 403 Bc. Routledge, 2001.Gillis, prank S. The History of Ancient Greece Its Colonies and Conquests. Thomas Wardle, 1831.MacGregor, MacGregor. The Story of Greece. Yesterdays Classics, 2006.Mure, William S. A critical history of the language and literature of antient Greece. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1853.

A Portrait of Mona Lisa

Art is a traditional work that is painted in m all different pattern of objects. Many people create depictings of art as an expression of how they feel. In the modern world, art is shown in different cities, subways, parks and etc. The greatest art was created in the early century and was called a masterpiece. This portrait was known as the greatest masterpiece ever to be painted. It was painted in the asss. The way Leonardo Dad Vinci used the lines in the painting was extraordinary.The lines is 1 f the most important elements of art that abstracted into a great piece of work. The lines did not illustrate any pattern of moving. The lines were mostly a combination of vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and contour lines. Many lines were cured and straight. The lines also varied in thickness. The painting had a variety of color, texture, and continuity. While viewing the picture, I did not notice any gesture lines in which would indicate action of movement of the woman. The artist did a good Job of outlining and use contour lines to make the painting a more(prenominal) 3 dimensional. The lady in the portrait had a mystifying gaze.Dad Vinci used a shadowing technique at the corners of her lips and eye that made her look interchangeable a real human. This was a new trend in art at this time period. The grace faded to create depth in the background. The landscape was uneven on both sides of the lady in the center of the portrait. The painting is meaningful because Leonardo Dad Vinci created a new pose that still endure until this day. At that time period artist only used full length or side view portrait unlike the Mona Lisa. This emphasized maturation in art and inspired other great art forms to be created. Leonardo truly captured the beauty of the lady e painted.Her posture magnetite the viewers eyes to her face. The way her hands cross with her shoulders. This is what made the portrait a masterpiece. This masterpiece is very unique and stands out a piece of art that changed art for some years to come. In conclusion, Dad Vinci created an ordinary picture that became a beautiful masterpiece. The Mona Lisa was a well- known piece of artwork all over the world. He created many other drawings that he was recognized for. Dad Vinci was a great painter but what made him famous was his drawings. Reference 1 . Www. Tautologically. Com/Mona-Lisa By mysterious

Concepts What is Culture?

Did you know that cultivation is universal, meaning that all people have a culture however, it is diametrical culture within communities beca make use of of numerous reasons like beliefs, religions, and race. Society can non exist without developing a overlapd culture. With that being said, many a(prenominal) individuals find the Amish culture very different and unique.The Amish roots originated from Europe and due to the ache and deaths the Amish culture had suffered as a result of their strict religion and beliefs, they found refuge in other locations throughout Europe, to include Switzerland, France, Germany, Holland, and Russia this was known as the Protestant reformation. (Amish America,2010)The Amish is a subculture, there are several groups called para-Amish (G.C. Waldrep), they share many characteristics with the Amish, like horse and buggy transportation, plain dress, and the German language. The conflict of the groups compared to the Amish would be their religious bel iefs. Furthermore, the Amish culture is different from the mainstream American culture in many ways such as, their food and housing, their life style, and their beliefs.Amish culture can be considered very reluctant to take in to the convenience of modern technology. (WIKIPEDIA Amish) They live transfer the land, they do not eat any processed foods like potato chips or corn flakes. They eat German foods such as, sauerkraut, cabbage and potatoes, home baked breads, eggs, dairy products, grain-based foods, fresh poultry and vegetables grown in their gardens. They are well known for their delicious desserts like shoofly pie, dough cookies, and schnitz.At the same time, the Amish usually only drink beverages like coffee, tea, milk, and lemonade. (United States Amish and Pennsylvania Dutch) Furthermore, the housing for the Amish include mostly large farm like homes in which they share with two or three other families. However, their life style is relatively different from the American life style, Most Amish people shoot a maintenance by cooking foods, making clothes, building homes, fencing, and wood structures to sell for profit, others farm on their own lands and/or family lands.They speak German or Pennsylvania Dutch. They make their own clothes, the females wear solid colored long dresses with white or black head covers called bonnets, unlike the males who mainly wear plain colored puff with a t-shirt, suspenders, and straw hats. (WIKIPEDIA Amish) Equally important, The Amish operate a one room school, and they do not offer schooling later on the eighth grade.Additionally, teens thirteen to sixteen years of age are encouraged to attend vocational training under supervision of their parents, or teachers, but no other schooling is permitted after that. The Amish teach their youth how to live in the Amish culture so no schooling is needed after sixteen because by because they should know how to do the things to sub stain a successful life.The boys key how to work the farms meaning milk cows, grow crops, gather eggs, and so much more or they learn how build things out of wood to sell or use, while the ladies learn how to cook, sew. And how to take care of a child. (Wikipedia Amish) However, when it comes to transportation the Amish have a little different way to get around they use horse and buggy.The Amish men train the horses to be able to contain a buggy full of people up and down hills and on roadways with the distractions of other vehicles like cars, trucks, and motor cycles. The Amish men excessively build buggies to sit in so that they can carry their family and protect them from the weather, they draw poker the horses to the buggies. To my surprise some buggies are even built with lights, horns, and even windshield wipers depending on where the person lives and/or drives.Consequently, that all plays a role into their beliefs and religion. The Amish have many spiritual beliefs, they are a group of traditionalist Christian fe llowships with swiss Anabaptist origins. (Wikipedia Amish) The Amish church membership begins with baptism, baptism is required in order to get married. Once a person is baptized with the church, he or she may marry only within the faith. (Wikipedia Amish)Once a couple is married the husband will then grow a long beard to represent he is a married man. In church which is held every other Sunday in a members home a Bishop along with several ministers and deacons will stress the importance of their Rural life style. They will go over the rules of the church which includes the prohibitions or limitations of the use of power-lines electrical energy, telephones, and automobiles, if a member is caught doing things outside the Amish religion they are excommunication and may be shunned, which means no one in the community will sing or help that person they are pretty much on there own. (Wikipedia Amish)Moreover,, the Amish can easily be picked out of a crowd because of their square cultur e. Examples of the material culture that the Amish express are homemade dresses, they are long and one solid color , the bonnets the ladies wear, the horse and buggy they ride in, the hair cuts and facial nerve hair of the men and the long hair for woman.However the non-material culture the Amish express would be there Pennsylvania Dutch language they speak, their belief of baptizing as an giving instead of an infant, the little to no technology they can use, and their belief to not continue their education. In my opinion I respect the fact that they strongly cogitate in a life with no violence, they seem very family oriented. I believe that the Amish culture love having a honest life living off the land and they are very talented when it comes to the things they can make by hand.Nevertheless, I experienced culture shock after researching how they can live without electricity and telephones, Furthermore, The Amish indicated cultural lag when they stated that they only make medica l decisions based on the bible, the mothers have their children at home instead of in hospitals.They do not go to doctors they use remedies and scriptures for healing. In conclusion I feel i am like the Amish in some ways because, I believe in god and share some of the Christian beliefs, i also have grown my own produce before. In contrast, I differ from the Amish mainly because I encourage expanding your education and I love the use of technology I would more than likely be lost without my cell phone and car. I also work outside of my family and home and I can freely date any culture or race if I desire. I would have to aver I am just simply more independent and free to do as I want.